Studied by 4 peopleThe dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine gland is ________.
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?
lucidum
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to place little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
in the axillary and anogenital area
The function of the root hair plexus is to _______.
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue
Third-degree
The “ABCD rule” for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to the following characteristics of the lesion:
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch, light pressure, and textures?
Meissner’s corpuscles
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing
Sweat glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct?
Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.
Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?
Basophil
The first phase of hemostasis involves ______.
Blood vessel constriction
Sebum is a secretion that _______.
lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria
The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the _______ pathway.
Common
Which is going to result in significant agglugination?
Donor is type AB, recipient is type B
Which are characteristics of leukocytes?
B, C, E
Have a nucleus
Have no hemoglobin
Depending on type, may or may not contain granules
The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing “goose bumps” is the _______.
Arrector pili muscle
The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include ________
organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation
As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol _______
degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2
What is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer?
Exposure to UV light rays
Pernicious anemia is _______
caused by a failure of the body to absorb vitamin B12
Normally, skin color results from a combination of ________
A, B, D
Melanin
Hemoglobin
Carotene
Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes (order is not important)
A, C, D, F
The heme group is converted to biliverdin
The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed
The iron ions are stored in the liver
Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused
Tactile (merkel) cells are sensitive to _______
touch
Cerumen is a secretion that _________
lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum
Which are characteristics of type A blood?
B, C, F
Has anti-B antibodies
Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes
Will agglutinate with blood type B
The type of leukocytes that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n) _________
neutrophil
Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?
Vasoconstriction has occurred
The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions in the ______ sweat gland.
Apocrine
Which of these comprise the nail plate?
A, D, E
Free edge
Nail root
Nail body
Keratinocytes are ________
all of these choices are correct
One of the main dangers of burns is ________
dehydration, as water can escape from the body
The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n) ________
monocyte
Which are characteristics of type O blood?
A, B, E
Has anti-A antibodies
Has anti-B antibodies
Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
Which of these are functions of hair?
A, B, C, D, E
Sensory reception
Heat retention
Pheromone dispersal
Protection
Visual identification
A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. AS a result, colloid osmotic pressure ______
decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space
Which leukocytes are derived rom the myeloid line?
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
Which is the actively growing part of the nail?
nail matrix
Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males?
terminal
How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?
4
Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the ______ response
immune
In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _______ line
myeloid
The function of melanin in the skin is to _______
protect against UV light
Beta-globulins transport _____, whereas gamma-globulins are _____.
iron ions, antibodies
The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the ______ units
globin
Among the components of the dermis are _______
A, B, C, D, E
Sweat glands
Hair follicles
collagen fibers
sensory nerve endings
arrector pili muscles
which are applicable to the stratum corneum?
A, C, D, E
Most superficial stratum
Cells are dead
Interlocking keratinized cells
Cells are anucleate
Fibrinolysis involves _____ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein ____.
Destruction, plasmin
During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to _______
Collagen fibers that become exposed upon blood vessel damage
The definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of ________
erythrocytes in the blood
The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to _______
both oxygen and carbon dioxide
Thick skin contains _______
Five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands
Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood?
B, E
Only under certain conditions with Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present
Is inherited independent of the ABO group
The viscosity of blood is ____ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ______ proportional to the amount of fluid.
directly, indirectly
Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a ______.
Class II MHC glycoproteins
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
a second exposure to an allergen
The first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation is _______.
Margination
Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by _______ during a process called ______.
neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization
A pyrogen is a substances that causes ______.
Fever
Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens that had penetrated the skin to T cells in the _______.
Lymph nodes
A(n) ______ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.
Epitope
Complement fixation cannot lead to _______
Fever
_______ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.
Interferons
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against _______.
Cancer cells
Lymph nodes differ from plasma in that _______.
Plasma has more protein than lymph
Removal of the ______ would be more harmful to a one-year-old child than an adult.
Thymus
The tissues of the spleen are called ______
red and white pulp
_____ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas _____ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.
Nonspecific resistance; adaptive immunity
Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphatic structure?
Pancreas
Malaria is a disease caused by a _______
Protozoan
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
Transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle
Innate defenses are ________
fast and nonspecific
If lymph nodes existed without macrophages, the lymph nodes would lose the ability to ______
clear cellular debris and initiate immune responses
Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ______
crypts that trap bacteria
During ventricular contraction _______
the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close
Although they are not a site of lymphocyte formation, _______ lymphatic structures provide sites where immune responses are initiated.
secondary
Poison ivy contains a toxin that acts as a hapten by _______
combining with a body protein and then triggering an immune response
Which is NOT an action of interferon?
it signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked
Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the ______
small intestine
“Mad cow disease” (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is caused by a _____
prion
Which actions leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?
contraction of the right ventricle
Lymphatic capillaries ________
originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks
The plateau phase of an action potential ________
allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up
Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output?
an increase in afterload
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume?
chronotropic agents
Inflamed tissue feels warm due to ______
increase blood flow and increased metabolic activity
Which is NOT a function of the spleen?
filters lymph
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing ______
perforin and granzymes
The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by _______
pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle
Which is NOT correct regarding lymph nodes?
no exceptions; all are true of lymph nodes
What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle?
c, d, a, b, f, g, e
SA node > through the atria > AV node > AV bundle > bundle branches > purkinje fibers > through the ventricles
Which type of antibody is formed in response to parasitic infections and allergies, and has the effect of activating mast cells and basophils?
IgE
If someone had a cut in their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of _______.
failed external innate immunity, but successfully internal innate immunity
In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the ________
atria depolarize
A fever _____ reproduction of bacteria and ______ CAMs on the endothelium of capillaries of lymph nodes.
inhibits; increases
Large doses of certain stimulants can lead to dangerous increases in heart rates. Such a stimulant is a _______
positive chronotropic agent
The function of helper T-lymphocytes is to ________
initiate and oversee the immune response
As blood is pumped out of the heart and into the major arteries leaving the heart, it ________
pushes against the semilunar valves and opens them
Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble?
extracellular (i.e. interstitial fluid)
Note
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