Studied by 9 peopleSpeech Language Testing
________- receptive and expressive vocabulary /language skills, articulation.
Fluency
speech that is effortless, easy, rhythmical, evenly flowing
Disfluency
speech with phrase repetitions, interjections (fillers in speech), pauses, revisions
Speech disfluencies
interfere with the ability to communicate effectively and may cause the speakers to have negative emotional reactions
Stuttering
high number or duration of repetitions, prolongations, and/or blockages that interrupt speech
Stuttering is often combined with
excessive mental and physical effort to resume talking (struggle)
Stutters may have a
Negative perception of their communication abilities, low self-esteem
Core behaviors of primary stuttering
repetitions, prolongations, blocks
Prolongations
stretch out a sound for the long period of time ex
Blocks
silent prolongations (car, hold tongue tightly in the /k/ positions)
Secondary stuttering behaviors
counterproductive adaptations that started out as a way to help the stutterer
Person who stutters has
more negative concepts about themselves, high levels of concerns regarding their speech
Less efficient motor systems
may contribute to stuttering
Stuttering-like disfluencies
3/100 words
Demands and Capacity Model (DCM)
disfluencies are likely to occur in childrens speech when there is an imbalance between the demands for fluency and the childs capacity to produce fluent speech
Growth spurt
motor speech control, language, cognition and temperament
Chronic stuttering
used to refer to individuals who stutter into adulthood
Genetics
natural recovery is more likely in children who do not have relatives who stutter
Negative Feelings and Attitudes
feeling that stuttering controls the person
Avoidance
avoid certain sounds/words/speaking situations
Difficulties with Speech Motor Control
evidence of unusual patterns of breathing, vocalizing, and speaking even when they are not stuttering; variance of rate
Difficulties with Language Formation
linguistic variables such as phonology, semantics, and syntax may contribute to stuttering
Screening
hearing, OME, voice quality
Speech/Language Testing
receptive and expressive vocabulary/language skills, articulation
Feelings and Attitudes
Scales that patients self-report
Stuttering Modification
helps the stutterer change his stuttering so that it is relaxed and easy
Fluency Shaping
establish a fluent manner of speaking that replaces stuttering
Charles Van Riper (1960s)
a founding father of speech pathology, specifically articulation and stuttering
Cancellations
stuttering is modified after a stuttered word is completed
Pull outs
stuttering is modified within the moment of stuttering
Preparatory Set
modify the stuttering before it occurs
"Turtle talk"
slow easy onset
Cluttering
rapid bursts of dysrhythmic, unintelligible speech
