Change in Language Terminology

forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as "—ness" or "un—" (e.g. "happiness" is derived from "happy".

the creation of a new word, often nouns but they can also be changed to verbs; can also be combining two words into something else. (e.g. "Google" - Noun and "googling" - verb)

a newly invented word that is not yet widely recognized by society-still in the introduction stage. (e.g. "selfie," in the Oxford Dictionary: society saw value in the word)

a word which takes the name of its inventor or discoverer. (e.g. Earl of Sandwich - sandwich)

changing the meaning or function of a word without a change to its form. (e.g. the "green" of a golf course - green means the grass)

the contraction or shortening of a phrase, word, or part of a word. differs from blending as the meaning stays the same (e.g. "biologically degradable" - "biodegradable," "romantic comedy" - "romcom")

initial letters of name or description can form words. (e.g. "LASER", "SCUBA", "ROTC")

forming a new word from two or more units that are also words. (e.g. black + board = blackboard, hair + spray = hairspray)

forming a new word by joining the beginning of one word to the end of another differs from telescoping as the new word has a different meaning from its parent words (e.g. smoke + fog = smog)

the shortening of longer words (often informal but function grammatically like the original word.) (e.g. "suspicious" - "sus")

where sounds are repeated with identical/only very slightly changes; characteristic of infant speech. (e.g. "chick flick," "ping pong")

when a word takes on a more positive connotation over time. (e.g. nice meant foolish, now it means kind)

the introduction of specific words, constructions, or morphological elements from one language to another. (e.g. table originally came from French)

when the meaning of a word becomes broader or more inclusive than its earlier meaning. (e.g. computer used to only mean a literal computer system, now it means anything from laptop to phone)

the casual conversation of everyday language

a study of the history of a word and its earlier forms and meanings

words and phrases known primarily by a group of people -- often within a particular profession -- which enable them to exchange complex information efficiently. It may be unintelligible to people outside the group who use it.

the complete vocabulary of a language

when the meaning of a word becomes narrower and more exclusive that its earlier meaning (e.g. meat used to mean all food, now it only means flesh)

when a word takes on a more negative connotation over time (e.g. silly used to be blessed, now it means amusing/unserious)

the writing system of a language, as well as other visual elements on the page; the study of the way people make letters and words (includes decoration, and graphics)

the rules for organizing meaning in a language (i.e. "'s" signals possessive or -ed signals past tense)

the part of language concerned with letter and spelling; the conventional spelling system of a language

the pronunciation and sound patterns which affect understanding of words

how the context in which words and phrases are used affect their meaning (tone, context)

the structure of words with their meaning, the study of the internal construction of words

the meaning of the words

the order of words in a sentence

Group of words which are related in meaning

grammatical category related to the morphology of nouns, pronouns, determiners, and adjectives

nominative: noun/pronoun is the subject of a verb accusative: noun/pronoun is the object of a verb possessive: noun/pronoun shows possession

subject verb agreement, ensuring the verb agrees with the subject's number and gender (i.e. there were cats, the MAN walked to HIS car)

singular or plural of nouns/pronouns

masculine, feminine, or neuter (prince vs princess)

a word with the opposite meaning to another word

a word which is no longer in everyday use, or has lost a particular meaning in current usage.

the formation of a word from another, from which it appears to be derived (e.g. the verb to 'babysit' from the earlier 'babysitter')

a change in the pronunciation of English language that took place between 1400 and 1600

the primary meaning of a word

the range of associated meanings brought to mind by a particular word, beyond its essential meaning

any form or change of form which distinguishes different grammatical functions of the same word (e.g. adding -s to indicate a plural form)

the smallest grammatical unit, from which larger ones can be formed (e.g. unwanted = un + want + ed)

language which expands upon the basic or literal meaning of a word or phrase (e.g. simile or metaphor)

a word with a broad meaning that more specific words fall under; a superordinate. For example, color is one of red.

a word of more specific meaning than a general or superordinate term applicable to it. For example, pigeon is one of bird

phrases generally understood in a language but do not directly translate (e.g. I caught the train "by the skin of my teeth" = I only just caught the train in time)

adding words to a head word in order to give it more detail, either before (pre) or after (post)

(provides emotion/intensifies) a word, often an adverb or adjective, which has little meaning by itself but is used to add force to other phrases (e.g. really, very)

in language, relates to words which are no longer in use and often no longer understood

where the subject is performing the action involved (e.g. She won the race.)

where the subject receives the action of a verb (e.g. The ball was kicked.)

generally, a set of words that is grammatically complete, consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more additional subordinate clauses

a group of words that do not constitute a complete sentence

connecting two or more clauses, only one of which is independent

part of a sentence, containing (at least) a subject and a verb phrase

connecting two or more independent clauses through the use of coordinating conjunctions

a word (or group of words working together) which names a person, place, or thing

the main word in a phrase (e.g. the noun 'boy' in the noun phrase 'the happy boy.'

an optional or less-important part of a clause or sentence (e.g. 'on the floor' in the sentence 'I dropped the glass on the floor.')

in grammar, it is the thing or person acted upon by the subject (e.g. the phrase 'the meal' in the sentence 'The girl ate the meal.')

a comparison of two things which have some element or similarity. the similarity is often used to help clarify an issue or idea.

where a word refers back to an earlier part of a text for its meaning (e.g. 'I recognized "David" immediately, even though I had not seen "him," "my oldest friend" in years.)

The format through which ideas or content are communicated to an audience. It includes spoken (e.g. conversation, spontaneous speech), written (e.g. novel, leaflet), electronic (e.g. email, blog) , and image (e.g. photograph), and can be combined in a variety of combinations (e.g. prepared speech, podcast)

Where the medium of communication causes a delay between utterance and response (e.g. letter, email, online forum)

Where a word refers to a later part of a text for its meaning (e.g. Although I had not seen "her" in years, I recognized "my oldest friend," "Sarah" immediately)

the specialist form of language between online users

Language whose meaning is determined in part by contextual factors, such as who is using it, when, where, and to whom (e.g. this, that, now, you, tomorrow)

a three-part argument, moving from thesis (initial argument) to antithesis (counterargument) and finally to a synthesis that combines both

Any spoken or written language that is longer than a single sentence

words or phrases which mark boundaries between one topic and another, where a writer or speaker wishes to change the subject

a style in which facts and opinions are put forward and explored in order to develop an argument

where a word refers to something outside a text for its meaning, typically as a consequence of a writer's/speaker's expectations as to the knowledge already possessed by the text's intended audience

Where a character in a story narrates the events that they are experiencing. recognized by "I," "we," "us," "our"

The extent to which spoken or written texts either conform to stand conventions or employ more personal language strategies

using grammatical or syntactic devices to draw attention to a particular idea in a text

a subdivision of textual form determined by the text's content (e.g. fantasy, tragedy, ballad, online review, television commercial, formal report)

beginning a narrative in the middle of the events without any build-up or initial explanation

the act of deducing implied meanings

where a text produces additional meaning by referring in some way to another text

when the intended meaning of a text or utterance differs radically from its literal interpretation

language which is used to describe or comment on language (e.g. "This translates as...." or "I meant to say...."

the way in which a story is constructed

refers to the attitude a speaker or writer takes to the idea of being expressed (e.g. certainty, possibility, obligation, ability). Is usually conveyed by the use of the appropriate grammatical mood.

Generally, the specific type of whatever category is being considered (e.g. textual, verb, grammatical).

Used on its own, it often refers to the textual. The division of texts into these categories (e.g. speech, dialogue, poem, novel) involves categorizing texts according to how their structural elements combine to create a unified and recognizable whole.

Different versions of text can usually be subdivided into genres, depending on content.

a meaning that is suggested by an utterance, rather than being explicitly stated or directly entailed by the words used.

where the narrator in a story knows all the thoughts, actions, and feelings of the character

Point of view

ordinary language, without a rhyming pattern or rhythmic structure

the main character in a literary work

a writer/speaker's main aim when producing a text

the variety of language used in a particular situation, particularly with regard to levels of formality

when the reader is addressed directly, typically through the use of "you," "your," "yours," etc

a short, direct, and memorable phrase, frequently used in advertising

the way in which a text is ordered and organized

the distinctive overall effect produced by interactions between form, structure, and language

where the narrator of a story is not directly related to the events being narrated, and typically uses third-person pronouns (e.g. he, she, they) to refer to the characters involved

the emotion or attitudes associated with a spoken or written utterance

a sentence which contains the essence of the entire paragraph. it is usually at the beginning of the paragraph and signposts the pattern of information and ideas which follow

the point at which speakers move from one topic to another in conversation

writing or speech which aims to complete a transaction and produce a particular outcome (e.g. a letter claiming a refund; giving spoken directions to a destination)

the visual aspect of written language, including the size, color, and type of font used