HWH Chapter 15 ALL TERMS :)

 An empire based in Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City) that ruled over 4 to 6 million people in modern-day Mexico and Guatemala.

Capital city of the Aztec empire, which the Mexica reclaimed from swampland, with a population of some two hundred thousand people.

Andean empire founded in 1438 by Pachakuti (d. 1471), which ruled over a peak population of 10 to 12 million.

Andean kin groups of the Inca empire that worked the land in several adjacent ecological zones as a hedge against crop failure in any one zone.

Inca system of record keeping that used knots on strings to record the population.

Intellectual movement begun around 1350 in Italy by scholars who opposed scholasticism. Emphasized the study of the humanities, which included traditional fields like logic, grammar, arithmetic, and music and newer fields like language, history, literature, and philosophy.

Literally “rebirth.” Term used to refer to the period of humanist revival in Europe. Most historians now play down this term, recognizing that the intellectual advances of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries underpinned those of the humanist era.

Treaty signed by the Portuguese and the Spanish in 1494 that established a dividing line: all newly discovered territory west of the line belonged to Castile, while all of the islands to the east were reserved for Portugal.

Literally “conquerors,” the term for the Spaniards who conquered Mexico, Peru, and Central America in the 1500s.

 (Literally “entrusted”) System established in 1503 by the Spanish in the hope of clarifying arrangements with the colonists and of ending the abuse of indigenous peoples of the Americas.

A franciscan friar who wrote “General History of the Things of New Spain.” He worked with a team of researchers to record the history of the Aztec before the Spanish arrived

Spoke Spanish and Mayan. He fought a tribe that gifted him a woman named Malinche.

(1485-1547) Given permission that was later revoked to explore Mexico. Robbed the Aztec empire of their gold

 A Nahua noblewoman, trilingual in Spanish, Nahuatl, and Mayan, who served as translator for and adviser to Cortés.

The last Aztec emperor/Great Speaker; taken hostage by Cortes for more gold and killed.

The Aztec language

“Hummingbird of the South”; patron god of the Mexica and warrior god of the sun

Where the Incans started their civilization

The language of the Incas

The ruler of the Inca people

the founder of the Incan empire; expanded beyond Cuzco

He led Spanish forces in 1532. He held Atahualpa for ransom and divided the gold and silver among him and his men.

Became ruler after defeating his older half brother in the civil war. Takes measures against his brothers supporters who sided with the Spaniards. Captured in a meeting by Pizarro for a room of gold.

 One of the earliest humanist poets. He believed Scholasticism did not teach someone how to live and obtain salvation.

printed the first European book using moveable type: The Bible

the dukes of Florence who made their money in Banking. Wealthiest family in 1400s.

Portuguese prince who supported Portuguese explorations in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and along the West African coast.

“discovered” the Americas in 1492. Thought he went to Japan.

A campaign where Catholic rulers of Spain and Portugal regained different Islamic cities in Iberia during the 13th and 14th centuries.

Pope Alexander IV granting all lands west and south to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of the islands.

Portuguese explorer who discovered Brazil; called it Brazil because of the Brazilian tree.

Encouraged exploration of Brazil; divided Brazil into 15 parts (160 mi) among noblemen. Authorized the Jesuit to preach there.

founded the Jesuit and wrote spiritual exercises