Bio 120- Energy and Enzymes

The energy required for living cells

Anything that can be transformed into heat

The energy stored in all chemical molecules

The potential energy is different according to the arrangement of there atoms

BY breaking down energy rich food (sugars and fats) to simpler compounds such as CO2 and H2O

the sum of chemical activities within a cell

1. Anabolism:

   Complexe molecules being synthesized from simple compounds

2. Catabolism (cataclysm):

   Large molecules being broken down to smaller ones

The sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

It is brought into THE rx to create energy rich molecules

It is produced from the rx- energy output

Temperature and Pressure

It’s delta G

The maximum amount of free energy available to do work

Reactant(A)———- Product (B) + delta G

A reaction that happens on its own without outside energy input

When energy is released as the result of the reaction. The products have less PE than reactants

When a reaction requires energy to react. The products have more PE than the reactants

Ex: glucose synthesis (photosynthesis)

Using energy produced from an exergonic reaction to do an endergonic reaction

Enzymes

An amount of energy needed before a reaction can occur. Also thought as an energy barrier

To lower the energy of activation of specific rxs

• A protein complex/ single polypeptide that serves as a catalyst. It is not a part of the reaction

• Allows equilibrium to be attained faster

• inhibitors, pH, temperature

• Cofactor

• Coenzymes

• Prosthetic group

Inorganic ions:

• copper

• iron

• zinc

  all binds to certain enzymes

Organic carbon molecules.

Energy carriers

Not permanently attached

• CoA,

• NAD
  FAD

• ATP

Distinct molecules that are permanently bound to enzyme

EX: hemoglobin to blood that carries the O2 in blood

ATP or adenosine 5’-triphosphate

• For immediate use, the energy is stored in ATP

• Very active

• The energy is stored in form of chemical bonds

Adenine-nitrogen organic base

Ribose- 5 carbon sugar

Three phosphate groups (oxygen around phosphorus

• Hydrolysis- exergonic Rx (addition of water to separate a phosphate group)

• Releases -7.6Cal/ mol

• When the phosphate group does not bind to another molecule

ATP + H20————-ADP + Pi + delta G(-7.4kcal/ mol)

Phosphorylation: when ATP energizes other molecules by transferring a phosphate group

A coupling reaction (redox rx)

Moto proteins move via cytoskeletal actin filaments to do mechanisms activated by the hydrolysis of ATP

• sucrose formation

• protein phosphorylation (change structures that aids in signaling transduction)

  yin-yang

ATP works through a phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate group to a molecule)

The formation of glucose as a substrate-level phosphorylation

• Substrate-level phosphorylation

• Chemiosmosis

When a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an intermediate compound called substrate

When the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP is linked to the transfer of an electron through and electron transport chain.

• Oxidative Phosphorylation

• Photophosphorylation

When ATP synthesis comes from the transfer of electron to oxygen (last part of cell respiration)

ATP synthesis driven by light (sunlight such as photosynthesis)

Through REDOX reactions

• Substance oxidized looses energy (electrons)

• Substrate reduced gains energy (gains said electron)

NAD+ to NADH :

NADP+ to NADPH

FAD+ to FADH2

Cytochromes (Feiii) to Cytochromes (Feii)

Quinone (Q) to Quinone (QH2)

Photosynthesis and cellula