Studied by 2 peopleanasazi
culture that lived in southwestern US
inca
culture that lived in peru
songhai and ghana
2 cultures that lived in west africa
aztec, maya, and olmec
3 cultures that lived in mexico/central america
mississippian
culture that lived in the midwest US
1619
what year did the House of Burgesses first meet in Virginia?
Bartolome de Las Casas
who advocated for the rights of the Native Americans and later Africans?
the ability to sail into the wind as well as being pushed by the wind
which advantage did the caravel give the Portuguese as they sailed on voyages of exploration?
New Mexico and the Southwest, up into Kansas
a quick route to China/India
furs, which were popular in Europe
where did Vazquez de Coronado explore?
trade goods at a better prices
what was the primary objective of the portuguese when they were sailing to west africa in 1450-1480
joint stock company
business venture where investors share profit and loss (ex. Virginia Company of London)
dutch
which european country founded what is now New York
William Penn
founder of Pensylvania
separatists
believed the Church of England could not be purified; groups that settled in Plymouth were (what kind of religion)
an english expedition forced Governor Stuyvesant to surrender
New York became a colony when
Florida and the South, eventually finding the Mississippi River
where did Hernando de Soto explore
corn, beans, squash
3 plants in 3 sister farming
Marco Polo
European who became famous for publishing account of his travels to China and back
followed animals herds on the Berlin Straight from Russia to Alaska
what was the most likely way humans arrived in the Americas
gold
what were de Soto and Coronado looking for in their expeditions
Spain bc they wanted a fast passage to China/India to take out the Middle Man and make goods cheaper
which country founded Christopher Columbus' voyages and why
grew tobacco, which was popular in England
how did Virginia become profitable to colonists
Hernan Cortes
spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and captured land around them
coureurs de bois
'runners of the woods' or traders who when into Canada to trade directly with the native americans
Mayflower Compact
type of government in Boston, MA colony; stressed that they would all listen to laws made through this system
middle - trading ports
south - tobacco and traded
north - farmed land and settled
how was the economy different in the Northern, Middle, and Southern colonies
north - most definite and conservative
middle - diverse or changed over time
south - didn't come for religion, more for money
how was the religion different in the Northern, Middle, and Southern colonies
middle - leader/founder governed
north - leader/founder governed, religion played a part
middle - leader/founder governed
south - first gov't (House of Burgesses), most connected to England
how was the politics/gov't different in the Northern, Middle, and Southern colonies
both - tried to Christianize the natives
spanish - took more land, natives = slaves, came to make a profit, most men came
british - less land, some British got along with natives while others didn't, came for religion, whole families came
compare Spanish and British colonies (people who came, motivation, interacted with natives, etc.)
wanted to find fast route to China to make goods cheaper by taking out Middle Man, more land/gold/trade with others to get wealth just been exposed to new goods & new technologies (caravel, astrolobe)
what made the europeans so eager to explore other part of the world; goal?
same - harsh and cruel, bad working conditions
different - America based on race and life-long while Africa could be punishment, work off debt, or prisoner of war that would not last forever
how was western african slavery (b/f contact with Europeans) different from and similar to American slavery
large missions which suppressed their native believes
what did the Spanish create in American Southwest which angered Pope and the Pueblo (native Americans)
good military base to check the English and Spanish
why did France settle Louisiana
france controlled the New France land so people weren't fleeing to this new land; the new land was still controlled by France
why did New France's population grow so slowly
puritans
wanted to purify the Church of England
charter
certificate of permission from a king
john winthrop
founder of Massachusetts Bay Colony
Pennsylvainia cultivated peace with local indians
how was pennsylvania different from virginia
armada - left english with more boats and resources which INCREASED interest in colonization efforts reformation - it led to lots of colonists trying to flee and get religious freedom
what effect did the Protestant Reformation and the defeat of the Spanish Armada have upon English colonization efforts
location = protected from storms, abandoned (don't anger indians), Indian tribe nearby was kind and helpful; one downfall could be the religion (separatists)
pros/cons of a colony = plymoth
albany plan of union
document that called on the colonies to united and cooperate under british rule
stamp act
tax on printed materials imposed on American colonists by Parliament
committees of Correspondence
groups for formed after the boston massacre to promote colonial unity
pontiac's rebellion
indian uprising in 1763
boston tea party
incident in which colonists destroyed cargo to protest British trade policies
boston massacre
conflict in which occupying British soldiers killed 5 protesting colonists
first continental congress
meeting at which colonial delegates planned to boycott British goods and petition the king
proclamation of 1763
british order that colonial settlers remained east of the Appalachian Mountains
george washington
new continental army commander, virginian who led british troops to an attack on Fort Duquesne
loyalists
Colonists who supported the British during the war
declaration of independence
proclaimed the colonies were free from British rule
valley forge
location of washington's winter camp in 1777-1778
yorktown
Final battle of the Revolutionary War, Cornwallis surrenders
french and indian war
british colonist's name for conflict that began in 1754
Articles of Confederation
first governing document for the new American nation - 1781
a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold and silver in its treasury
mercantilists believed
Seven Years War
the french and indian war was part of what larger conflict
heavy taxes and large debts
Daniel Shay's motivation for rebellion against the Massachusetts government
raise money to pay for military forces needed for colonial defense
British Parliament passed the Stamp Act to
republic
a government in which citizens rule through people they elect
they had no representatives in Parliament
colonists objected to the Stamp Act because
a colonial congress to request repeal, a boycott of British goods, violence in towns, and wearing homemade clothes to reduce imports
ways the colonists protested against the Stamp Act
rejecting British rule altogether
Thomas Paine's Common Sense inspired colonists by
the British lost twice as many troops as the Patriots did
why might the Battle of Bunker Hill be considered a Patriot victory?
Ceded far more territory to the United States than the colonies had won in the war
the Treaty of Paris
protect Indian lands from greedy hunters, trappers, and fur traders
purpose of Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787
American loyalty to the crown
What did the Olive Branch Petition profess?
brought the colonists much-needed aid and a formal alliance with France
why was the Battle of Saratoga a key victory for the Americans
they feared the people would come to think those were their only rights
why did Madison and the other Federalists oppose creating a Bill of Rights?
indentured servants who were freed after several years of service
how were African workers treated in the early 1600s
Wanted revenge against the british
why did France come to America's aid in the Revolution
caribbean
where were the vast majority of enslaved Africans sent
middle passage
journey that slaves made from Africa to the Americas
seize colonial weapons and leaders
what were the British soldiers who attacked Lexington and Concord trying to do?
eliminated
how did slavery change in the North after the Revolution
they wouldn't be represented bc number of votes would depend on population
why did small states oppose Madison's Virginia Plan
counted 3 out of 5 slaves as population - 3/5 compromise
how was the conflict over counting slaves resolved at the Constitutional Convention?
Legislative, Judicial, Executive
3 branches of gov't as created by Constitution
supported it as it was (no Bill of Rights needed)
Federalist's position on Constitution
opposed it bc they wanted a Bill of Rights
Antifederalist's position on Constitution
salutary/benign neglect
mother country doesn't interfere with colony
helped them, no taxes or interfering with trading = prosper, colonists like this (still considered themselves British, but liked not being told what to do)
how did salutary/benign neglect affect the colonies' development?
Declaration/Articles/Constitution all say that all men are created equal and have rights, but not specifics bc else south wouldn't have joined US slavery was abolished in the north but south didn't (thought it was necessary)
how was slavery affected by the War for independence, what did documents declare that was in contradiction
each state got 1 vote, regardless of population gave to much power to states and didn't have enough power in the gov't to functiongave to much power to states and didn't have enough power in the gov't to function one state vetoed taxes, which caused lots of problems with other countries let one state veto which meant no law was easy to pass
in what ways was the Articles of Confederation too weak to handle the nation's problems?
made both sides happy and represented people best in their gov't, very contrasting sides could agree enough to make 1 country, without it small and big states and North and South would've never agreed.
how did compromise play a critical role in the drafting of the Constitution
sir edmund andros
who was sent to England by the colonists during the controversy over the Dominion of New England
challenged old ways of thinking
describe the enlightenment
south
what region produced tobacco, rice, and indigo
french lost almost all territory, British gained land, natives lost their influence bc they couldn't negotiate
result of French and Indian was (gain/loss territory)
mercantilism
all goods from the colonies go to the Mother country
mother country prospers, colonies just survive, made colonists very unhappy so they started to smuggle and think for themselves
how did mercantilism affect the English colonies
how were North and South colonies different
they were breaking the law
what did loyalists believe about Patriots
tensions between white settlers and Native Americans increased
how did the frontier was fought during the American War for Independence affect the relationship between white settlers and Native Americans
unsuccessful bc Britain did not listen and kept forcing troops and taxes on them came together in meetings (First Continental Congress) to try to accomplish peace with Britain while not giving up rights, asked that Stamp Act be removed and other petitions too
what did colonists do in years leading up to the battles at Lexington and Concord to try to precent armed conflict, why unsuccessful
it defeated a few of the generals who were planning an attack, this was the battle where Spain and France (especially) gained interest in the colonies and wanted to help they win the war
why was the Battle of Saratoga one of the most important battles in the war for independence
judicial review
power to determine if laws are Constitutional or not
loose construction
expanding gov't power to things not explicitly in the Constitution
cabinet
group of people who headed the major federal departments
Note
Flashcard