Chapter 10: Serology and Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

the chemical that is used to check for the presence of blood and is prepared much in the same way as luminol except that the commercial preparation contains a thickener.

are small amounts of blood that detach from the parent stain and "splash "onto a surface.

based on the diffusion of antibodies and antigens on an electrically charged gel- coated plate.

created when an object moves through a pre-existing bloodstain.

________ are produced in the bone marrow and have about a 4-month life span.

A common enzyme in nature that occurs at a very high level in semen.

Reacts in the presence of hemoglobin, much like phenolphthalein, when an oxidizer is applied.

Can vary due to the pumping action and variable pressure of the blood as it exits the wound, producing a zig- zag, up- and- down pattern.

A specialized structure approximately 55μm in length with a head containing DNA and a tail that wiggles, or flagellates, to produce movement.

________ can survive in the vagina for about 3h, ranging from 1 to 8h; they survive longer in the cervix, up to several days in some cases.

A technical term in BPA that describes a stain that results from blood hitting a target.

________- demonstrates the vector of a droplet when it hits the target; the tail points in the direction of travel.

Are part of the first line of defense and offer up a complicated response to invaders: the immune response.

A complex gelatinous mixture of cells, amino acids, sugars, salts, ions, and other materials produced by postpubescent males and is ejaculated following sexual stimulation.

An indicator that some secondary object came between a blood spatter and the final target; this leaves an outline or "shadow "on the final target.

The ________- contain iron and have the ability to bind with oxygen; this association is reversible, allowing for respiration.

________ produce antibodies - which are protein molecules that can bind to foreign molecules.

As a stain dries, the ________ and borders dry first due to surface effects.

ABO blood group- discovered in 1900 by ________.

________ are involved in the clotting process.

________ patterns with "establishing "photographs that show the patterns relationship to landmarks or other items of evidence.

A class of antigens produced by allelic genes at one or more loci and inherited independently of other genes.

Turns the tip of the sperms head pink, the bottom of the head dark red, the middle portion blue, and the tail yellowish- green; skin cells stain green to blue- green and are easily distinguished.

The respiratory pigment of many animals, is a conjugated protein consisting of four polypeptides, each of which contains a heme group.

The ________ is that some false positive results are acceptable as long as no false negative results are obtained.

The excreted fluid and waste products filtered by the kidneys, can be presumptively tested for through the presence of urea or creatine.

________ consists of about 90 % water and 10 % of a long list of other substances (7 % protein, 3 % urea, amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, fats, steroid hormones, and other inorganic ions)

Stains resulting from fly activity- and may mimic other relevant BPA patterns.

The set of proteins coded in the genetic makeup of an individual, the genome.

The angle between the long axis of the stain and a standard reference point, usually 0° vertical.

Determining the ________ of one or more bloodstains is central to the reconstruction of a blood- related event.

Caused by droplets being projected toward the item.

Produced in the bone marrow and the thymus gland, to engender the immune response.

Are only fragments of cells and contain no nuclei; they number around 15- 300, 000 per milliliter of blood.

The study of proteome; covers all the proteins in any given cell, their various forms and modifications, interactions, structure, the higher order complexes they form, and pretty much everything that happens "post- genome ..

Are legion in the blood- roughly 5 million per milliliter of blood.

Results when blood droplets are projected away from the item creating the impact, such as a hammer.

which tests positive for the substance in question and only that substance

the respiratory pigment of many animals, is a conjugated protein consisting of four polypeptides, each of which contains a heme group

Are active in the immune system, about 10-15,000 per milliliter of blood

discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner

reacts in the presence of hemoglobin, much like phenolphthalein, when an oxidizer is applied

the chemical that is used to check for the presence of blood and is prepared much in the same way as luminol except that the commercial preparation contains a thickener

also known as the hemochromogen test; is performed by taking a small sample of the presumptive stain and placing it under a coverslip

a common diffusion reaction test; is based on an antibody-antigen reaction between human blood and human antiserum

typically produced by injecting rabbits with human blood

based on the diffusion of antibodies and antigens on an electrically charged gel-coated plate

a complex gelatinous mixture of cells, amino acids, sugars, salts, ions, and other materials produced by postpubescent males and is ejaculated following sexual stimulation

a specialized structure approximately 55μm in length with a head containing DNA and a tail that wiggles, or flagellates, to produce movement

a common enzyme in nature that occurs at a very high level in semen

most common semen test;  applied to the sample on an alpha-naphthyl phosphate substrate

used to detect p30 at levels as low as 0.005 ng/mL

an old test used to be employed to confirm the presence of saliva, but now the sample is considered presumptively positive for saliva and simply sent on for DNA analysis

the excreted fluid and waste products filtered by the kidneys, can be presumptively tested for through the presence of urea or creatine

the analysis and interpretation of the dispersion, shape characteristics, volume, pattern, number, and relationship of bloodstains at a crime scene to reconstruct a process of events

the result of blood being flung or projected from a bloody object in motion or one that stops suddenly

can vary due to the pumping action and variable pressure of the blood as it exits the wound, producing a zig-zag, up-and-down pattern

the angle between the long axis of the stain and a standard reference point, usually 0° vertical

are small amounts of blood that detach from the parent stain and "splash" onto a surface