APUSH Vocab- Unit 2

Jamestown

1607 - The first permanent English settlement in the New World

Indentured servants

Poor workers, criminals, and debtors who received immigration passage to America in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter or company; they remained the predominant system of labor until the 1670s when owners turned to slave labor instead

Joint-stock company (or colony)

Investors pooled money to put together a voyage.  Each investor received a percentage of profits (furs, tobacco, gold, etc.)

Royal colony

A colony run by the crown with leaders selected by the ruling monarch

Proprietary

A colony owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king/queen

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco to Virginia; he married Pocahontas

House of Burgesses

1619 - The first representative assembly in America; it was in Virginia; only land-owning men could vote

First African Slaves

1619 - the first enslaved Africans were brought to the English colonies (Virginia)

headright system

System used to encourage settlement in Virginia; it promised land (~50 acres) to each immigrant; it also gave nearly 50 acres for each servant that was brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain huge tracts of land

Bacons Rebellion

1676 – Piedmont (VA) settlers wanted protection from Indians;  Showed willingness of Americans to take up arms against the government in power. After this event planters preferred African slaves for labor instead of indentured servants.

Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s Rebellion)

Indians, led by Pope, rebelled against the Spanish and killed more than 300. This event led the Spanish to accept some cultural practices of the Pueblo and other Native American groups within the Spanish Empire.

slave codes

A series of laws that limited slave rights. Slave owners were given nearly unlimited authority over the lives of their slaves. They were prohibited from owning weapons, getting an education, meeting with others and testifying against whites in court.

Separatist Puritans

Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and felt that they must break away from it; they began the Plymouth colony

Mayflower Compact

November 1620 – declared Pilgrims were a civil government.  Agreement of majority rules, spoke of covenant with God.  Signed because Pilgrims didn’t land where any company was in charge

Massachusetts Bay Compay

Joint-stock company started by Puritans escaping King James I

John Winthrop

Rich Congregationalist who delivered the “City upon a hill” speech.  Leader of Congregational Puritans who came to America.

Roger Williams

He questioned the legal basis of Puritanism.  Banished in 1635, set up Providence, Rhode Island.  Guaranteed freedom of religion for all religions in this colony.

Anne Hutchinson

She was a saint and said she could see who else was a saint.  Undermined clergies’ authority to interpret & teach Scripture.  Banished – went to Rhode Island

Harvard College

1636 – founded to train Puritan ministers.  First university in the U.S.

Old Deluder Act

1647 – 1st education law, established idea of “free public education” a.k.a. Massachusetts General Education Act

Beaver Wars

A series of bloody conflicts, occurring between 1640s and 1680s, during which the Iroquois fought the French and their Algonquian allies for control of the fur trade in the east and the Great Lakes region.

Quakers

Believe all people are equal, every person has Inner Light which allows them to communicate with God.  Their real name was Society of Friends.

William Penn

He was made the proprietor of Pennsylvania by Charles II.  Set up the colony as a Holy Experiment and haven for his Quaker brethren.

mercantilism

This economic theory dictated that the government controls the economy for its benefit.  Always export more than import, build up national treasury with gold, get colonies for raw materials.

enumerated goods

Goods that colonists could sell only to England; i.e. sugar, cotton, tobacco, indigo….

Triangular Trade

Under this system, goods went from Caribbean to New England to Europe & Africa and back again (molasses, rum, slaves)

Navigation Acts

Came out of the theory of mercantilism; these laws dictated the certain goods shipped from the New World had to go to Britain and had to be shipped on English ships

Half-way Covenant

Decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of those who had the conversion experience to participate in certain church affairs; showed the decline of religiosity among New Englanders

Salem Witch Trials

1692 An incident outside of Boston where women were accused of witchcraft, about 20 people were executed; several theories have been suggested, but it is a clear indication of political and economic division

James Ogelthorpe

He founded Georgia as a haven for debtors (even though most who came were not) and as a buffer zone between English South Carolina and Spanish Florida.

Enlightenment

This 18th century philosophy states that human reason is adequate to solve mankind’s problems, so people need less faith in God as an active force in men’s lives. It also emphasizes individual talent and education over inherited privilege.

John Locke

Major English political philosopher of the Enlightenment; he articulated his theory of the “social contract” and that if life, liberty, and property were not protected by governments, they could be altered or abolished.

Great Awakening

1720 – 1740 – Religious revival in colonies.  Reaction against spread of Enlightenment in colonies and seemingly less religious fervor by Americans.

Jonathan Edwards

Puritan orator/preacher of the Great Awakening.  “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'' was his most famous sermon. He preached that God hates sinners and hell was paved with skulls of the unbaptized.

John Peter Zengar

Journalist/editor who was arrested for libel in 1734.  Found innocent in 1735.  Set principle that truth cannot be libel.  Set precedent of jury decision over judge in this case’s decision.

Albany Plan of Union

1754 – 7 colonies north of VA gathered to plan mutual defense against French and Indians. Not successful due to taxes, but set future American unity in motion.  Ben Franklin created his “Join or Die” cartoon.

Republicanism

A republic is a country where the people hold power, rather than a monarch. Republicanism refers to the ability of people to create their own governments and select their own leaders. Government derives its power from the consent of the governed.