Cardiovascular System (test 8)

30-50 mL

Receive deoxygenated blood and pump it through the lungs

Receive oxygenated blood from lungs and pump it through the systemic circulation

"Pacemaker", initiates electrical impulses in the heart

Contraction of the heart muscle (force of the blood against aorta) (Top number on B/P)

Relaxation of the heart muscle (bottom number on B/P)

5L

50-70%

• decreases with heart failure

• Ejection fraction = amount of blood ejected from LV in systole

Arteries: carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart Veins: Carry low oxygen blood back to the heart for reoxygenation

• Mitral/tricuspid valves close (1st heart sound)

• Aortic/pulmonic valves open (2ns heart sound)

Heart rate x stroke volume (amount of blood ejected)

• Stiff heart muscles (lower stroke volume)

• Valves thicken (especially on L side which works harder/subjected to higher pressure)

• CAD to some degree in everyone

• SA node loses cells, increasing risk of dysrhythmias

Arteriosclerosis = Thickening/hardening of BV due to loss of elasticity Atherosclerosis = Thickening/hardening of BV due to buildup of plaque

Narrowing of a valve

Graphic recording of electrical currents generated by heart muscle

Goal is to evaluate heart function during exercise while getting ECG

• NPO 2-3 h before

Chemical stress test given to pt's who cannot tolerate treadmill (med given to increase HR and BP.)

An ultrasound done to evaluate the size of heart, valves, wall motions

• can be done via probe in esophagus (especially in obese pt's)

Looks for clots

• no smoking for 30 min before

Looks at arteries to locate blockages

Injection of iodine contrast combined with CT scan to examine arteries that supply blood to heart

• can also be done via MRI

Catheter enters femoral or radial artery into the R or L side of the heart

• Evaluates presence of coronary artery blockage

• Uses dye (assess for shellfish/iodine allergy)

MARK WHERE PEDAL PULSES ARE BEFORE TEST

• after pt must lay flat with leg extended (if femoral site was used)

• encourage fluids to flush contrast

Much like cardiac catheterization

• mapping of the impulse of the heart to identify abnormals

Post op same as cardiac cath

Apple pie tastes mmmm

Aortic Pulmonary Tricuspid Mitral

C-reactive protein

• looks for inflammation anywhere (very general)

Specific to heart muscle damage

• may elevate within 4-6h after MI

• return to normal in 10 days after MI

Determines degree of HF

Blow 5.7% is normal

• Above 6.5 = DM

Systole = s1, diastole =s2

Systolic murmurs = after systolic Diastolic murmurs = after diastole

True

More common in african americans

• CAD

• atherosclerosis

• MI -HF -Stroke

• Eye damage

• Kidney damage

• Limit salt, caffeine and alc

• Take potassium and calcium

• Exercise

• quit smoking

• lose weight

180/120 = crisis 180/110 = urgency (without s/s of organ damage)

Umbrella term of both

• peripheral arterial disease

• Peripheral venous disease

• Blood does not get to legs (arterial insufficiency)

• pain when walking that subsides with rest

• Ulcers

• Dependant rubor (pale when leg is elevated, red when leg is down)

• blood gets to leg but cannot come back

• from damage to valves in the veins

• RBC leak into tissue S/S

• chronic edema, itchy scaly skin, ulcers

Nursing treatment: Ted hose, elevation

Heart cannot pump enough blood to meet bodies needs

• blood and fluid build up

• 4 stages

-Left ventricle cannot contract correctly, not pumping enough blood out

• Congestion in lungs, fluid backs up

• causes lung related symptoms

• SOB

• pink, frothy sputum

• cough

• crackles

• wheezing

• fatigue

Right ventricle works harder but is unable to push blood + fluid back up

• more fluid in veins

• edema

• weight gain

• ascites

• distended jugular vein

B/P >140/90 when taken at least twice on two different occasions, two weeks apart

• diuretics

• antihypertensives

Assessment for orthostatic hypotension

Low cardiac output

• dizzyness

• palpatations

• low blood pressure

• chest pain

• change in LOC

12 lead ECG

Atria does not have time to contract

• HR 150-200

• can lead to v fib (deadly)

disorganized rapid firing of impulses

• increased risk of clots

Ventricular contraction early in the cycle, no P wave

• can turn into v fib (deadly)

• flip flop sensation in chest

• pallor, sweating

Start CPR, defibrilate

• 0 cardiac output

Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart

• inflamed tissue traps bacteria and organisms

• can cause clots

• common causes are virus, fungi, strep

• may develop murmur

Inflammation of the pericardium (sac around the heart)

• either dry (no fluid causing dry rubbing) or wet (too much fluid, leaking into space)

• may hear friction rub

Increased fluid in heart, restricting pumping

-right atrium tricuspid valve

• right vetricle pulmonary valve

• pulmonary artery

• left atrium mitral valve

• left ventricle aortic valve

• aorta

myocardium

Narrowing of arteries that supply the myocardium of the heart

True

• creatinine kinase drawn regularly

antiplatelet

100% occlusion of coronary artery, no blood getting to myocardium

• tissue becomes necrotic and dies due to lack of blood flow

ECG, troponin levels, cardiac cath

M- morphine O- oxygen N- nitrates A- aspirin (chew)

Opens up the artery/stops wall collapse

• balloon angioplasty before to push plaque to the sides

40%

• s3 and s4 heart sounds

• crackles and wheezing in the lungs

heart muscle

stiffening of heart valves (tricuspid, mitral) and difficulty opening

Valves do not close completely, causing backwards blood flow

• difficulty opening mitral valve

• backs up pressure in lungs

• most commonly caused by strep and rheumatic fever

• pulmonary s/s

• diastolic murmur (due to mitral valve trying to open during diastole)

• mitral valve doesn't close completely

• systolic murmur, possible third heart sound are heard (due to valve trying to close during systole)

SA node

• av node

• relays via bundle of his and purkinje fibers to ventricles to contract