Exam 3 notes - Psych 381

Schizophrenia

A mental disorder characterized by a struggle between what is real and what is not, typically onset in adolescence or adulthood, involving altered perception, unusual thoughts, and odd behavior.

Positive symptoms

Behaviors or experiences associated with schizophrenia that are new to the person, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, catatonia, and disorganized behavior.

Negative symptoms

Behaviors associated with schizophrenia that involve a “lack” of symptoms, such as flat affect, lack of meaningful speech, social withdrawal, avolition, and anhedonia.

Premorbid functioning

Abnormalities that occur before the actual onset of schizophrenia symptoms, including impairments in verbal reasoning, cognitive tasks, and an inability to reason things out.

Personality Disorders

Chronic mental health conditions are characterized by maladaptive patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions. I cause more stress to others than to themselves. Diagnose just to 18 or older. At least 6 months in DSM-5.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a consistent disregard for societal rules, lack of empathy, impulsivity, and a tendency to violate the rights of others.
Don’t experience anxiety when violating rights of others.
with subtypes including Psychopath and Sociopath.

Delusional Disorder

A mental health condition where individuals have delusions but not as severe as in schizophrenia,
lasting at least 6 months without hallucinations, with types like Erotomania, Grandiosity, Jealousy, Persecution, and Somatic delusions.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A condition with a sudden onset of schizophrenia symptoms lasting less than a month, often triggered by severe stressors.

Schizophreniform

Symptoms of schizophrenia lasting more than a month but less than 6 months.

Schizoaffective Disorder

A condition combining symptoms of schizophrenia with mood disorder symptoms like depression or bipolar disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder with psychotic features

A condition where a patient exhibits symptoms of depression along with delusions and hallucinations.

Brief psychotic disorder

A mental health condition characterized by delusions, hallucinations, social withdrawal, and inappropriate speech or behavior lasting for a short period, typically less than a month.

What is the difference between Delusional Disorder and Schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia are more bizarre.

Psychopath (type of anti-social personality disorder)

Tend to be unemotional and cold-hearted.
Lack of conscience, empathy, and autonomic nervous system arousal (don’t feel the alarm of adrenaline).
sadistic
Little empathy.

Sociopath Anti-social personality disorder

More likely to blend in with society.
Less severe than a psychopath
less aggressive.
under interrogation they will get anxiety.

What are causes of Schizophrenia

• Biological (embalace of dopamine) —> too much dopamine in the brain.

one parent = 15% chance of getting it

two parents= 50%

• Neuroanatomy - A large ventricles (open spaces or cavities) in the brain mean less cortex.

• Prenatal conditions - If mother has infection it increases the probability to develop schizophernia

What are treatment for Schizophrenia?

• Psychotherapy and medication

• Anti-Psychotic (Neuroleptic) → lower dopamine

• Typical Anti-psychotic (Haldol, Thorazine)

  • Side effect: Tardive Dyskinesia

• Atypical Anti-Psychotic

  • Block dopamine but increase serotonin.

  • less likely to produce dyskinesia and less likely to produce side effects.

  • Good results working with negative symptoms

• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (not FDS- approved)

How the Anti-Psychotic Neuroleptics works?

It lower Dopamine

What is called when a patient has all symptoms of depression and some delusions + Hallucinations?

Major Depressive disorder with psychotic features

Person is suffering from delusion, hallucination, social withdraw, inappropriate reasoning and speech for 3 weeks. Diagnostic>

Brief psychotic disorder

Paranoid

•  mistrust and suspiciousness regarding other motives.

• Very distant from others

• Don't confide in others;

• interpret random events to give persona meaning

• Form of projection. They probably don't like themselves.

Schizoid

• Very detached from others people

• Emotionally could

• socially isolated

• no desire to have close relationships

• very little pleasure in their lives. (anhedonia)

What is the difference between Schizoid and Schizophrenia

• Schizoid have more sense on what they say. Don't have delusion. No magical off thinking.

Schizotypal

• They do have desire to relationship

• But they have the discomfort in interacting with others, not a lack of desire.

• peculiar thoughts/behaviors

• No illusion and hallucination.

• Magical thinking that doesn't make sense.

Histrionic

• Somebody over dramatic or emotional who when you interact with them, is performing.

• purpose to seek attention

• A person needs to be the center of attention in any group of people they interact with. When the focus is not them, they become uncomfortable.

• Tend to flirtation but emotionally shallow. They tend to act seductively to focus on them.

• More women were diagnosed than men.

• Women tend to have fewer close girl friends.

• Relationships are thought to be more intimate than they are.

Cases of Histrionic

Genetics could cause you to have inherent emotional excitability and overarousal of the sympathetic nervous system.

Narcissistic

• A person who has an exaggerated sense of self-importance.

• Strong sense of entitlement; Think things should go their way because of who they are.

• They are very arrogant and have a lot of fantasies of power and wealth.

• It is very important to be in position of power. Often, let you and others know how wonderful you are.

• Overestimate ther talents -they tend devalue their partner or put them down.

• Low on empathy

• They tend to be in relationship where they can control the person

Causes of Narcissism

• Not muh validation or acknowledging themselves.

• not much bonding with parents, the only way to get validation was doing well - also, too much validation from siblings and parents' family

Borderline Personality Disorder

• A person who has intense and unstable fluctuation in mood, a history of unstable relationships, a hard time regulating their emotions, and a hard for them to soothe (acalmar) themselves.

• Very impulsive and strong fear of abandonment.

• Life is viewed as meaningless unless connected to others.

• They have a overactive amygdala.

• Develops a lack of stability in the attachment; bounding was inconsistent - sense of emptiness. Never learned how to self-soothe. Being around other people is their only way of self-soothing.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

• Fear of rejection

• very hesitant to enter into a relationship

• very shy, sense of inadequacy

• would like to connect with others, but the fear of being rejected is too strong

Dependent

• Overly reliant (dependente) on others

• Lack self- confidence

• Overly clinging to someone else

• see themselves as inadequate and have no belief that they can make the situation better.

Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorder

• Someone who is extremely orderly

• have a lot of focus on detail and rules, perfectionistic,

•  someone who believes there is a wrong and right way to do things

• Very rigid

• Would label soups and stuff in cabinet perfectly ordered

Cause of Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Right and wrong ways can be a way to fight against anxiety. They feel as though structure helps anxiety.

Schizophreniform

• Symptoms of schizophrenia that last more than a month, but less than 6 months

When assessing suicidal patient, what are some indicators?

Check if they are giving away personal things and having specific plan to end

What are the main differences/similarities between Bipolar Disorder?

Borderline: emptiness/ unstable relationship

similarities = unstable mood

How would you diagnose someone with suicidal thoughts everyday for 10 days?

Traits of MDD (because 2 weeks)

IS electroconvulsive therapy (increases the production of neurotransmitters) used today?

yes with severe depression

Person has been experiencing homelessness, sadness, worthlessness, no pleasure, every day for 3 months. My favorite uncle died 6 months ago.

Major depressive disorder.

(If died 12 months ago Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder)

What is the treatment for a person who is diagnosticated with MDD with seasonal patterns (DSM5)?

Expose to daily light therapy, such as fluorescent lights.

What is the diagnosis for a 52-year-old male, for the last 6 years, a tax account. the first two weeks of April and October suffered from episodes of MDD?

Major depressive disorder (No seasonal because it is not related to sunlight)

What is the difference bewteen bipolar I and Bipolar II?

Bipolar I: Manic episodes and alternates with episodes of MDD —> moe severe than Bipolar II.

Why people with bipolar dont want to take meds?

Because they are very grandiose, they think they are productive those phases, and do not want get rid of those episodes

Are generic meds weaker?

False, same level of strength

How long for FDA approval?

8-10 years

What does that mean when medication is prescribed off label?

Not originally intended for the issue they found it can be useful.

True or false: Most schizophrenics are violent?

False

What is percentage schizophrenics diagnosed in the world?

1% people are diagnosticated

IS there a relationship between Cannabis and Psychotic Disorder?

one can lead other but the only thing we knows is that they are related.

What age group is the higher risk of suicidal?

The elderly. 65+

Man of 85 and older are 45% higher then any other group

What is the most typical day for suicide?

Monday and new years eve

What two professions rank highest in suicide?

Psychiatrists and dentist.