Chapter 12: Forensic DNA Profiling

The foundations of forensic genetics were laid down when ________ described ABO blood group systems in 1901.

In ________ cases DNA can be obtained from body tissues.

The frequencies of the markers are important as these are to be used in calculating the ________ and /or match by multiplying them together.

It defines that individuals ________ contains a large number of polymorphisms that can be used for human identification.

________ avoid any complications of dominance or recessives.

allelic configuration at a locus

genotypes at different loci

minisatellite polymorphisms in a large number of tandemly repeating units of a particular sequence typically 16-80 bp long

an in vitro molecular photocopying process that generates millions of copies of the target DNA sequence the boundaries of which are defined by synthetic oligonucleotide primers that are complementary to the 3' ends of the sequence

The two strands of DNA are wrapped around each other, for replication the DNA has to unwind to have a single strand available for the synthesis of the new strand

smaller minisatellite loci which had alleles from 9-15 bp, composed of short core repeat units**

microsatellites that are an abundant class of DNA polymorphisms

this is where each primer pair would amplify a specific sequence or STR

a technique where a number of STR loci are amplified in a single tube PCR

consists of a number of alleles of a STR system and is used as a reference to designate the alleles

the programme would call the allele on the basis of the established windows, which is called the ‘absolute window method

described as the first STR on the human Y-chromosome, which was found to be polymorphic and suitable for sex and paternity determination in deficiency cases

the probability that the two randomly selected individuals will have identical genotype

the probability that two randomly selected individuals will have different genotypes

He introduced the ABO blood group systems.

He introduced VNTRs

consider two alleles of locus D21S11

the biological blueprint of life.

The structure of ______ was described by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.

DNA was determined to be a ________ helix.

DNA’s repeating subunits

is inherited equally from both mother and father.

is inherited only from the mother, and therefore it can be used to match with the maternal lineages.

• There are 3 billion base pairs (bp) in a single copy of the human genome.

  • These are arranged in compact structures, which we all know as _______.

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in all the cells of humans and so are called ______.

Only in the gametes, one copy of each chromosome is present and these are called _______.

The DNA in the chromosomes is arranged as ______ regions.

functional portions of the genes.

non-functional regions of the genes.

polymorphic markers have been detected in the areas of the human genomes.

an alternative form of the marker at a particular locus.

it is if the alleles are the same.

it is if the alleles are different.

allelic configuration at a locus.

genotypes at different loci.

Segments of DNA are arranged as a particular sequence being repeated more than once, a sequence GGGCCCTTAA might be repeated many times

minisatellite polymorphisms in many tandemly repeating units of a particular sequence, typically 16-80 bp long.

an invitro-molecular photocopying process that generates millions of copies of the target DNA sequence, the boundaries of which are defined by synthetic oligonucleotide primers that are complementary to the 3' ends of the sequence.

The two strands of DNA are wrapped around each other, for replication the DNA has to unwind to have a single strand available for the synthesis of the new strand.

A smaller minisatellite loci that had alleles from 9-15 bp, composed of short core repeat units.

microsatellites that are an abundant class of DNA polymorphisms.

STRs form the basis of forensic _____.

this is where each primer pair would amplify a specific sequence or STR.

The first multiplex PCR kit was developed by the _______ of the UK and it comprised four STR loci, THO1, vWA, FES/FPS, and F13A1.

The FSS then launched its ________ comprising of six STR loci THO1, FGA, D8S1179, D18S51 and D21S11.

an STR locus has several alleles but each allele differs only in several repeats but the sequence of the repeats is the same.

consider two alleles of locus HUMTHO1.

considers two alleles of the locus vWA.

consider two alleles of locus D21S11

SE33. Few loci have not only different repeat regions; they also have them arranged in many different ways.

Sometimes, ‘________’ leads to a mutation in regions of the genome, having abundant simple repetitive sequences which have been recognized as the major mechanism involved in their generation.

The automated systems such as ________ allowed electrophoretic information to be stored and tabulated as the alleles migrated through a gel matrix and pass a laser detection window.

a technique where several STR loci are amplified in a single tube PCR.

consists of several alleles of an STR system and is used as a reference to designate the alleles.

the program would call the allele based on the established windows, which is called the ‘absolute window method’.

is necessary to identify the mother in cases of child abandonment or infanticide or swapping of neonates.

is important in cases of sexual assault in which pregnancy occurs and pregnancy is either terminated or goes to full term.

The FSS has started profiling criminal cases using the 11 loci _______kit.

Described as the first STR on the human Y-chromosome, which was found to be polymorphic and suitable for sex and paternity determination in deficiency cases.

____ can be valuable in mixture interpretation in multiple rape cases or the detection of male specific profile in azoospermia/vasectomized male suspects when spermatozoa are not available.

The ______ are mostly used as both are robust and reproducible and, together, allow seven Y STRs to be analyzed. These systems are therefore favored at the moment.

A new multiplex capable of amplifying seven Y STR loci, the ‘______’ has been recently developed by a commercial firm Reliagene, Technologies, Inc. USA.

the probability that the two randomly selected individuals will have identical genotypes.

the probability that two randomly selected individuals will have different genotypes. This is the reciprocal of the probability of a match.