Chapter 13 - Reformations and Religious Wars

Opposition to the clergy

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time purgatory; widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

Multiple positions at one time

Giving offices to unqualified family and friends

Selling of church offices

Involved in prostitutions, uncelibate

Clergy were often ______

A German monk who broke away from Catholicism after witnessing corruption in the Church

Martin Luther believed in:

Luther’s criticism of the Catholic Church, posted on the church’s doors and spread by the printing press

When was the 95 Theses?

A Habsburg, and the Holy Roman Emperor (Catholic German king) who opposed Luther’s beliefs

Common power struggles:

Charles V demanded that Luther retract his ideas, which he did not

The name originally given to the followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups

Swiss humanist and protestant, claimed that Christian life rested on the Scripture and criticized Mass and monasticism

Protestants believe in:

Luther was supported by _______

Why was it beneficial for authorities to become Proestant?

What were causes of the German Peasants Revolt in 1524?

uprising of peasants citing Protestant belief

Luther’s work condemning the peasants, stressing the importance of secular order

believed in a delayed baptism and who wanted to complete separate from secular order

An attempt by radical Anabaptists to claim a city, later put down by a combination of Protestants and Catholics

Protestants disregarded __________

Dynasty of German-based Catholics opposed to the spread of Protestants

Charles V met with nobles to permit each territory to choose Protestant or Catholic faiths

Outcomes of Peace of Augsburg

When was the Peace of Augsburg?

declaring a marriage null and void by proving it never happened

Tudor king during the Protestant Reformation

Causes for English break in Catholicism:

The Church of England, formed of the the English Reformation

Declared Henry VIII as the supreme ruler of the Church of England

Wealth was obtained through the possession of _______ in England, which were sold and redistributed to the nobles

A popular revolt in Northern England against Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church

_______ opposed the English due to their devout Catholicism

Devoutly Catholic English queen after Henry VIII, reversing Protestantism and slaughtering Protestants

Reign followed Mary Tudor, she re-established the Anglican church, but as a more moderate blend of the two religions to unify people

made a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth

Large Spanish fleet under Philip II defeated; sent in response to England’s execution of Mary Queen of Scots

When was the Defeat of the Spanish Armada?

Why was the Spanish Armada important?

a Protestant theologian and reformer who established his own religion in Geneva, Switzerland

A Protestant faith founded on predestination and a powerful theocracy

The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works

Calvin’s formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism

A follower of Calvin, who founded the Presbyterian faith in Scotland, putting an end to papal authority and created a governance by presbyters, or councils of ministers

a response from the Catholic church to the criticisms of Luther; reformed clergical morality but reaffirmed common Catholic doctrines

The chief proponent and leader of the Catholic Reformation

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition

A 1545 meeting of church officials to address issues in Catholicism and to establish clergical reform and reaffirm Catholic doctrine

founded by Angela Merici, attained enormous prestige for the education of women

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was to spread Roman Catholic faith (missionary work)

French Calvinists

French Protestant king who switched to Catholicism and created more order in terms of religion

A marriage ceremony turned bloodbath in 1572 when Catholics killed Huguenots and Protestants

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse; rulers placed the country over themselves

Issued in 1598, where Henry IV officially declared France as Catholic, but allowed Huguenots to practice their own faith

How did Protestantism affect regions in the Netherlands and Belgium

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands

often occurred after a climatic disaster, had a wider range of suspects including the wealthy, children, and more men. Most common in the Holy Roman Empire, Switzerland, and parts of France because rulers of small, divided regions saw persecuting witches as a way to demonstrate their piety and concern for order

words of a priest transform bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ

by Luther in 1523, led to the acceptance of his dialect as the standard written version of the German language

former nun, married Martin Luther, had several children, defined the role of a Protestant housewife

destruction of religious images, Calvinist's smashed statues, stained glass, and paintings

Common peoples’ anticlericalism can be described as:

Differences in Protestantism grew, as Luther believed _____ and Zwingli believed ____ :

Queen Elizabeth I declared herself _____ and created _____ :