AP World Unit 5

• corrupt civil services taking and using bribes to get positions

• abandoned ancient tradition in favor of modern benefits

young turks wanted to push industrializing

at first accepted but fearful of reforms overthrowing gov power. repressed young turks

• US

• Britain

• Germany

• Russia

• China

• Japan

• Egypt

• Japan

coal and iron

• street light/train/cars

• telegraph

• telephone

• radio

first:

• coal -steam engine

• running water

second:

• steel

• oil

• electricity

transsiberian railroad for trade with eastern countries 

focus on exports

• Grew coal, iron, steel industries

 mainly from immigrants and migrants from rural areas

politcally fragmented

• Low population 

• Focus on french revolution and aftermath

1. Capital 

2. Natural resources 

3. Water transportation

• Minimized ethnic, language and religion difference in empire 

 pointed out differences and need for independence

greater freedom, new ideas

Nationalism with language, traditions religion, history

• Exposure to western Europe and saw impact of ancient greek culture sparking greek nationalism 

• War against ottoman with help of british, french and russian brought independence

Revolution

- philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual and government
- some political reforms were enacted that included the extension of voting rights to city dwellers, non landowners, and working class

- women didn't have the right to vote
- political movements were almost always connected to the interests of the growing middle and working class

- the need for factory labor increased
- the working class formed worker associations and labor unions

- pre-industrial occupations continued to be apart of the middle class
- women were still supported by the labor and income of their male family members

in western Europe, access to abundant natural resources, trans-oceanic trade routes, and financial capital combined with an increasing population resulted in a leadership role in industrialization

some regions of the world continued to produce minerals, crops, and other resources as they had done in previous eras

Industrialists and owners of large corporations

Factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals

Poor women took jobs in domestic service and the textile industries, spending less time at home. Middle class women, with no economic responsibilities, felt limited by household roles

A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge; included the abolition of the civil service exam, the end to corruption, western style industrialization, commercial systems, and medical systems.

A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways

A coalition favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire.

forced into exile.

It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution.

In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Religious communities in the Ottoman Empire; separate legal courts based on religion

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876;

established Western-style universities (military, engineering and civil service)

sultans worked to root out corruption

resulted in creation of new constitution

Socialism would replace capitalism and the final stage of economic development would be communism

philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary.

father of communism

Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism.

Granted suffrage to all male British citizens

British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.

Fl Philosophical approach that emphasizes knowledge gained through sensory experience and observation, rejecting innate or a priori knowledge. It asserts that all knowledge is derived from evidence and experimentation rather than abstract reasoning or speculation.

actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

English philosopher and economist for

empiricism and utilitarianism

addressed the growing inhumanity of the industrial era.

Worked to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions.

His ideas became the standard adopted in industrial societies

A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods. As standards of living rose, people had more disposable income that could be spent on goods.

Established the Standard Oil Company, oil monopoly in the United States

A system for buying and selling shares of companies

• mineral resources(coal most important

• colonial resources

• abundant rivers for transportation

• strong fleets - defense and commercial

• protection of private property

• quick growing population and urbanization

division of labour

1) new technology

2) Columbian exchange

3) rise of maritime trading empires

4) increased agricultural productivity

5) increased capital for individuals

for some a culture of consumerism and leisure

supported capitalism, private entrepreneurship, shaping economics and politics during this period

• abolished feudalism

• constitutional monarchy

• equality for law

• reorganized military

• railroads and roads

• industrialization in key industries: tea, silk, weapons, ship

Japanese citizens overthrew the shogun and restored power to emperor

Wanted to sell and use as refuel while sailing to eastern countries

• textile factories to compete with French and British

• factories to build arms, ships

• many shops and businesses in markets

• overexpansion

• failure to modernize

• weak/corrupt leadership

• lost control over land and people

• nationalism amongst separate ethnic groups

opium wars and domination from western world

protect access to resources by establishing colonies

desire for capital and products of industrialization like railroad, steamship, telegraph

vast natural resources(timber, coal, oil etc) and ability to transport efficiently(transcontinental railroad)

Food distributions

Agricultural productivity

True

latin american revolution

Haitian.

was controlled by French gov

abolishment of slavery

establishment of hierarchal societies

rapid industrialization

The Industrial revolution

development of factory systems

Protection of private property

steam power

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the Enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

An Enlightenment concept; an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed; popular in the 16th-18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects.

rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual; are often said to be granted to people by "natural law." Often discussed by Enlightenment thinker John Locke

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory; sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men; became popular during the Enlightenment

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, a famous feminist document in 1792

the right to vote in political elections

Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; 1861-1865

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Adopted August 26, 1789, statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.

(1793-1794) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty;" led by Robespierre who tried rebels and had them executed often by guillotine

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles; utilized by Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) in order to create a sense of national unity; assisted German unification in 1871

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class in Latin America since they were the least likely to have "tainted bloodlines"

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England c. 1750

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce; decreased the need for skilled labor and led to exploitation of workers

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields and population growth

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production; conceived c. 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver.

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil; utilized during the c. 1750 time period and led to increased crop yields and growing population

consolidation and privatization of small landholdings/common lands into a smaller number of large farms in England c. 1700; contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization as farmers were displaced and needed to find work in the cities

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776, a precursor to modern capitalism.

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

hands off approach to economic development; the government should limit its interference in the economy