Unit 3: Early Europe and Colonial Americas, 200–1750 CE

He founded Christianity in the first century C.E.

began with Constantine's victory at the Milvian Bridge in 312 C.E.

an underground passageway used for burial

The Angel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will be the virgin mother of Jesus.

Mary visits her cousin Elizabeth to tell her the news that she is pregnant with Jesus.

The birth of Jesus in Bethlehem.

Traditionally, three kings, who are also astrologers, are attracted by a star that shines over Jesus’s manger.

After Jesus is born, King Herod issues an order to execute all male infants in the hope of killing him.

John the Baptist, Jesus’s cousin, baptizes him in the Jordan River.

Jesus gathers his followers, including Saint Matthew and Saint Peter, as his ministry moves forward.

To prove his divinity, Jesus performs a number of miracles, like multiplying loaves and fishes, resurrecting the deceased Lazarus, and changing water into wine at the Wedding at Cana.

Sensing his own death, Jesus gives Saint Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven, in effect installing him as the leader when he is gone, and therefore the first pope.

Jesus transfigures himself into God before the eyes of his apostles; this is the high point of his ministry.

Jesus enters Jerusalem in triumph, greeted by throngs with palm branches.

Before Jesus is arrested, he has a final meal with his disciples in which he institutes the Eucharist—that is, his body and blood in the form of bread and wine; at this meal he reveals that he knows that one of his apostles, Judas, has betrayed him for 30 pieces of silver.

After a brief series of trials, Jesus is sentenced to death for sedition.

The taking down of Jesus’s dead body from the cross

Jesus being mourned by his family and friends after his crucifixion and descent from the Cross.

The burial of Jesus

The lamentation of Jesus’s death

On Easter Sunday, three days later, Jesus rises from the dead.

Also important are four author portraits of the Evangelists, who are the writers of the principal books, or gospels, of the ____.

the first four books of the New Testament that chronicle the life of Jesus

show a sensitivity toward artistic programs rather than random images.

a crescent-shaped space, sometimes over a doorway, that contains sculpture or painting

a figure with its hands raised in prayer

Named for two Greek inscriptions painted on the right niche.Three niches for sarcophagi.

Fresco over a tomb niche set over an arched wall; cemetery of a family vault.

Restrained portrait of Christ a pastoral motif in ancient art going back to the Greeks.

openings in the walls of catacombs to receive the dead

small underground rooms in catacombs serving as mortuary chapels

an aisle in a church perpendicular to the nave, where the clergy originally stood

with their large, groin-vaulted interiors and impressive naves, were meeting places for the influential under the watchful gaze of the emperor’s statue.

an aisle in a church perpendicular to the nave, where the clergy originally stood

the main aisle of a church

was positioned as a transitional zone in the front of the church.

was constructed in front of the building, framing the façade.

Atria also housed the ____, those who expressed a desire to convert to Christianity but had not yet gone through the initiation rites.

in art history, the reuse of architectural or sculptural pieces in buildings generally different from their original contexts

the endpoint of a church where the altar is located

the third, or window, story of a church

in architecture, a sunken panel in a ceiling

a passageway around the apse or altar of a church

a church having a circular plan with the altar in the middle

a church with a long nave whose focus is the apse; so-called because it is designed along an axis

tall slender columns taken from the Temple of Juno in Rome, erected on this site; a statement about the triumph of Christianity over paganism.

passageways beneath Rome that extend for about 100 miles and contain the tombs of 4 million dead. Has some 40,000 burials. Called in that name because she was the donor of the land for her family’s burial.

Early Christian parish church. As in the Jewish tradition, men and women stood separately; the men stood in the main aisle, the women in the side aisles with a partial view. Founded by Pope Celestine I (422–432).

the destruction of religious images in the Byzantine Empire during the eighth and ninth centuries

the polygonal base of a dome that makes a transition from the round dome to a flat wall

supports the dome on four corner piers.

a screen decorated with icons, which separates the apse from the transept of a church

the principal church of a diocese, where a bishop sits

a devotional panel depicting a sacred image

walls and capitals are flat and thin and richly ornamented

a projecting ledge over a wall

the first building to have a dome supported by pendentives

bricks taken from ruined Roman buildings reused here

circular plan in an octagonal format

a shrine built over a place of martyrdom or a grave of a martyred Christian saint

the Virgin Mary in her role as the Mother of God

a plate, dish, or bowl used to hold the Eucharist at a Christian ceremony

the bread sanctified by the priest at the Christian ceremony commemorating the Last Supper

the Christian monogram made up of the Greek letters khi and rho, the first two letters of Khristos, the Greek form of Christs name

a cup containing wine, used during a Christian service

first book of the Bible that details Creation, the Flood, Rebecca at the Well, and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, among other episodes

a manuscript that is hand decorated with painted initials, marginal illustrations, and larger images that add a pictorial element to the written text

a type of painting in which colors are added to hot wax to affix to a surface

The eastern half, founded by ______ at Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), flourished for one-thousand years beyond the collapse of its western counterparts.

Constantinople was the _____ of early medieval Europe, directing traffic in the Mediterranean and controlling the shipment of goods nearly ­everywhere.

This meant that every church and monastery had to be redecorated, causing a burst of creative energy throughout Byzantium.

some more interested in the spoils of war than the restoration of the Holy Land, conquered Constantinople in 1204, setting up a Latin kingdom in the east.

Perspective is unimportant because _____ occupy a timeless space, marked by golden backgrounds and heavily highlighted halos.

Nudity also had a ____, connected with the mythological religions of ancient Greece and Rome.

The manuscript painter had to possess a fine eye for detail, and so was trained to work with ____, rendering minute details carefully.

the color usually reserved for Byzantine royalty, can be seen in the mosaics of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora.

Originally a Christian church. Built on the site of another church that was destroyed during the Nike Revolt in 532.Patrons were Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora. Converted into a museum in 1935; reconverted into a mosque in 2020.

A Christian Church. Mysterious space symbolically connects with the mystic elements of religion. Banker Julianus Argentarius financed the building.

The Emperor, as the central image, dominates all; emperor’s rank indicated by his centrality, halo, fibula, and crown. Dressed in royal purple and gold. Divine authority symbolized by the halo

patron of San Vitale

The Empress stands in an architectural framework holding a chalice for the Mass and is about to go behind the curtain. Slight displacement of absolute symmetry with the Empress. She is simultaneously frontal and moving to our left. Figures are flattened and weightless

First surviving illustrations of the stories from Genesis. Genesis stories are done in continuous narrative with genre details. Written in Greek. Perhaps done in a royal workshop

Genesis 24: 15–61.She was shown twice, emerges from the city of Nahor with a jar on her shoulder to go down to the spring. She quenches the thirst of a camel driver, Eliezer, and his camels. Colonnaded road leads to the spring. Roman water goddess personifies the spring.

Genesis 32: 22–31.Jacob takes his two wives, two maids, and eleven children and crosses a river; the number of children is abbreviated. At night Jacob wrestles an angel. The angel strikes Jacob on the hip socket.

Pre–Iconoclastic Controversy icon. Virgin and Child centrally placed; firmly modeled..Saints Theodore and George flank Virgin and Child. Angels in background look toward heaven.

The _____, in their speedy boats, flew across the North Sea and invaded the British Isles and colonized parts of France.

This was the age of mass migrations sweeping across Europe, an age epitomized by the fifth-century king, ____, whose hordes were famous for despoiling all before them.

So desperate was this era that historians named it the “_____,” a term that more reflects our knowledge of the times than the times themselves.

However, stability in Europe was reached at the end of the eighth century when a group of Frankish kings, most notably ______, built an impressive empire whose capital was centered in Aachen, Germany.

These copied the Bible and medical treatises, not modern literature or folk stories.

a place in a monastery where monks wrote manuscripts

A codex was made of resilient antelope or calf hide

sheep or goat hide

A dynasty of Frankish kings who, according to tradition, descended from Merovech, chief of the Salian Franks.

to ornament metal by indenting into a surface with a hammer

enamelwork in which colored areas are separated by thin bands of metal, usually gold or bronze

having elements of animal shapes

a pin or brooch used to fasten garments; showed the prestige of the wearer.

The art of the British Isles in the Early Medieval period.

the ancient name for Ireland.