constituents of the atom and location
proton (nucleus)
neutron (nucleus)
electron (orbitals)
proton relative mass and charge
1 and +1
neutron relative mass and charge
1 and 0
electron relative mass and charge
0.005 and -1
nuclide
atom or group of atoms
same no. of protons and neutrons
AZX notation
isotope
same no. protons
diff no. neutrons
what can an unstable nucleus lead to
radioactive decay
carbon-14 use and half life
carbon dating to determine ages of organic materials
~6000 years
specific charge
charge per unit mass
unit of specific charge
C kg-1
how to find nucleus/ion mass
mass = no. of nucleons × 1.67×10-27
how to find total charge of a nucleus
nuclear charge = no. of protons × 1.60×10-19
how to find charge of an ion
ion charge = no. of electrons gained/lost × 1.60×10-19
what force ensures a stable nucleus
strong nuclear force
how does an unstable nucleus become more stable
alpha or beta decay
how does the strong nuclear force vary with distance
<0.5 fm: repulsive
0.5 fm - 3 fm: attractive
>3 fm: negligible
at what distance is the SNF the strongest
1 fm
graph for SNF
what happens during alpha decay
parent nucleus releases alpha particle
decays in to smaller (daughter) nucleus
why does alpha decay occur
nuclei are too large for SNF to hold them together
equation for alpha decay
what happens during beta-minus decay
neutron turns to proton and electron (beta particle)
anti electron neutrino is released
why does beta-minus decay occur
when there is a large ratio of neutrons to protons in a nucleus
equation for beta-minus decay
what happens during beta-plus decay
proton turns to neutrons and positron (beta-plus particle)
electron neutrino is released
why does beta-plus decay occur
when there is a large ratio of protons to neutrons in a nucleus
equation for beta-plus decay
types of neutrino
electron neutrino (and anti)
muon neutrino (and anti)
why were neutrinos hypothesised
to conserve energy during beta decay
what are hadrons and what do they consist of
particles that experience SNF
baryons and mesons
what are hadrons made up of
quarks
what are baryons w/ examples
contain 3 quarks
protons and neutrons
what are mesons w/ examples
quark and anti quark
pions and kaons
what are the baryon numbers of particles
baryon: +1
anti-baryon: -1
non-baryon: 0
why are protons different from other baryons
they are the only stable baryon