Biology chapter 5 and 6

Function: building blocks of life, defense transport, cellular communication, structural support

Monomer: amino acids

Polymer: polypeptides

Examples: enzymes, signaling, proteins, and receptor proteins

Function: long term energy storage

Monomer: fatty acids and glycerol

Polymer: no true polymer

Examples: oil, phospholipid bilayer, and steroids

Function: storage and transport of genetic info

Monomer: nucleotides

Polymer: polynucleotides

Examples: DNA and RNA

Function: short term energy storage and building material

Monomer: monosaccaride

Polymer: polysaccharides

Examples: cellulose (beta linkages), starch and glycogen (alpha linkages)

carbohydrates are connected through glycosidic linkages, which form through dehydration synthesis

True

False

True

True (lysis=cut, cutting bond with H2O)

-hydrophobic, made mostly of hydrocarbon regions

-does not include true polymers

-function for long-term energy storage

-ester linkages formed through dehydration reactions

-fats, phospholipids, and steroids

-"saturated with hydrogens" (max number of hydrogens)

-no double bonds

-solid at room temperature

-mostly animal fats

-two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol -fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, while phosphate heads are hydrophilic

-this allows for a formation of bilayers, as the phospholipids will self assemble in water to orient themselves to have their tails face the interior

-lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings

-ex. cholesterol; component of animal cell membranes and a precursor to other steroids

-simple sugar, monomer of carbohydrate, usually multiples of CH2O

-two monosaccarides linked together

-multiple monosaccharides bonded together

-polymer, complex carbohydrates/complex sugars

-structural polysaccharide in plants-give plans cell walls rigidity

-contains beta linkages

-storage polysaccharide in plants

-contains alpha linkages

-storage polysaccharides in animals

-stored in liver and muscle cells

-enzymes break down and digest carbs

-enzymes that digest starch can hydrolyze alpha linkages, but NOT the beta linkages in cellulose, so cellulose passes through as insoluble fiber in animals

-some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose, such as those found in symbolic relationships in herbivores

Glycosidic linkages

*One OH is removed and one H is removed causing dehydration/removal of the water causing the O that is still standing to go over to the middle of the glycosidic linkage *Glucose; most common monomer

-Enzymes: accelerate chemical reactions, helps break down carbohydrates and foods

-Transport proteins: transport substances, ex: hemoglobin transports oxygen

-Receptor proteins: response of cell to chemical stimuli, ex: nerve cells

Hormonal proteins: coordinate organism activities, ex: insulin regulating blood sugar

Contractile and motor proteins: ex: cilia and flagella, actin and myosin cause muscle contractions

Storage: ex: ovalbumin in egg white providing amino acids for developing embryo

R group: determines its properties. Amino acids are so important because the order of amino acids determines a protein of 3D structure, which then determines protein function.

Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds (why we cal the polymer of amino acids polypeptide)

Primary: amino acid sequence, determined by genetic information (DNA sequence)-

Secondary: coils and folds, called alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets, result of hydrogen bonds between common components of the backbone (NOT R GROUPS)

Tertiary: interactions among side chains (R groups), include hydrogen bonds, ionic bond, hydrophobic interactions, and Van Der Waals interactions (weak), ex: disulfide bridges between Cysteines \n Quaternary: multiple polypeptide chains

-Temperature

-Sal concentration: hypertonic/hypotonic solution

-pH

-Genes are our units of inheritance

-Consists of DNA, a nucleus acid made of nucleotides

-Nucleotides

-Composed of a nitrogenous

* a nucleotide is only the nitrogenous base and sugar

DNA:

-double stranded

-codes for mRNA

-ATCG

-deoxyribose sugar which is missing at 2' OH

-antiparallel and complementary strands run in opposite directions (5' to 3')

RNA

-single stranded (but complementary pairing may still occur within a strand or between two strands)

-different functions, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

-AUCG

-ribose sugar which contains a 2' OH

-six membered ring fused to a five-membered ring (2 rings)

-A and G

-AG, big about the rings, HUGE school

-single six-membered ring

-T,C,U (3 bases)

phosphodiester linkage

Energy storage

They contain double bonds

Glucose

True

False; involved in the Tertiary

True

False; they do not contain double bonds

False, nucleotides lack a phosphate

-bacteria

-archaea

-protists

-fungi

-animals

-plants

Plasma membrane; indicates cell from environment but allows specific substances to be exchanged

matrix for everything to float inside

carry genes-genetic information

translate information from mRNA to make proteins

-no nucleus

-DNA in unbound nucleic region

-no membrane-bound organelles

-cytoplasm bound by plasma

-ribosomes

-DNA contained in a nucleus

-cytoplasm contained in region between plasma membrane and nucleus

-contains membrane-bound organelles

-selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, waste

-made of phospholipids (hydrophilic heads face out) (hydrophobic tails face in)

-necessary for metabolism-resources in and waste out

-Nucleus: contains most of the cell’s DNA

-Nuclear envelop contains the double membrane and is surrounded with pores lined with pore complexes that regulate entry and exit of molecules

-DNA is organized into chromosomes containing condensed chromatin = DNA + histone proteins

nucleus: sit of rRNA synthesis within nucleus

Function: regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions

Components:

-nuclear membrane

-endoplasmic reticulum

-golgi apparatus

-lysosomes

-vacuoles

-plasma membrane

*Biosynthetic factory, continuous with nuclear envelope

Smooth ER

Rough ER

*lacks ribosomes

-synthesizes lipids

-detoxifies drugs and poisons -adds OH

-stores calcium ions

*studded with ribosomes

-bound ribosomes secrete glycoproteins, (protein+sugars)

-distributes transport vesicles

-is a membrane factory for the cell

*Shipping & receiving center

-consists of cistern: flattened membranous sace

-modifies products of ER

-sorts and packages materials into vesicles

*Digestive compartments

-membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that work best in acidic environment

-phagocytosis forms food vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes to digest contents

-autophagy: recycling cell’s own organelles and macromolecule

*Diverse maintenance compartments

-food vacuoles

-contractile vacuoles; found in freshwater protests, pump excess water out of cells

-central vacuoles-plant cells, contain sap, serve as plant cells main respiratory of inorganic ions (K+/CL-)

*Change energy from one form to another

Mitochondria:

-cellular resiration

use oxygen to generate ATP

-foldings called cristae

-intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

Chloroplasts:

-plants and algae

-sites of photosynthesis

-contain chlorophyll and enzymes

-thylakoids stocked to form granum

-stomainternal fluid

*rRNA and protein build protein

-free ribosomes-in the cytosol

-bound ribosomes- on the outside of the R or nuclear envelope

*Oxidation

-enzymes remove hydration atoms and transfer them to oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide

-reaction functions:

-using oxygen to break fatty acids for fuel for respiration

-in liver, they detoxify alcohol and other compounds

-network of protein filaments that support the cell and maintain its shape

-interacts with morrow proteins to produce motility

-provides the ‘tracks’ for vesicles and organelles to walk on using motor protein feet

Microtubules:

-tubulin dimers

-chromosome movement in cell division

-movement of organelles

-shaping the cell

-cellular reconstruction, separate chromosomes and cell division

-animal cells-grow out a centrosome near the nucleus

-centrosome has a pair of centrioles-each with a triplets of microtubules in a ring

-actin subunits in twisted double chain

-muscle contraction

-myosin

*actin is powered by ATP to assemble its filamentous form; serves as a track for the movement of a motor protein called myosin

-keratins

-anchorage of nucleus

-extracellular structure that distinguishes plant from animal cells

-prokaryotes, fungi, protists also have cell walls

-protects plant cell, maintains shape, prevents excessive water uptake

-made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins’-may have multiple layers

-in animal cells

-made of glycoproteins: collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

-regulate cell behavior by communicating with a cell through integrins

ribosomes

DNA is located in a nucleic region

cholesterol is very important in cell membrane because it functions to keep the fluidity of the membrane

-polar covalent (react with water) or other polar molecules

-acts as an acid

-can increase {H+"} I solution

-importat element of amino acids

-looks like an eel

-double bond between C and O

-found in ketones and aldehydes

-high electronegativity of oxygens gives negative charge-can react wit H2O

-polar

-found in ATP

-regulates gene expression by transcription

-affects shape and function of sex hormones

-nonpolar

-fond in amino acid cysteine

-involved in formation of secondary structures of protein

-acts as a base

-can lower {H+} by trapping it in solution

-important element element in amino acids

-breaking of many weak linkages or bonds

*hydrogen bonds

-the process of denaturation occurs with proteins, in which these molecules are being deactivated

*affecting shape of structure which will overall affect the function

Lipids: ester linkages

Carbohydrates; glycosidic linkage

Amino Acids: peptide bonds

Nucelic acid: phosphodiester