Anatomy- Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems

Transports excess fluids from interstitial space back to blood; one-way; pump-less; open- circuit; highly permeable; low pressure; 3 layers

Outer Layer: adrentitia (connective tissue; supports and anchors vessels)

Middle Layer: smooth muscle cells

Inner Layer: simple squamous epithelium

Lymph passed through these multiple times to filter out pathogens, debris, and cancer cells by immune cells;

House leukocytes: macrophages and lymphocytes;

Connective tissue capsule that pokes into center creating trabecular compartments, an outer cortex, and an inner medulla with large leukocyte population

Drain excess interstitial fluid;

Transport dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine to the blood;

Offer protection against pathogens

Generation, training, and habituation of immune cells;

Primary: bone marrow and thymus

Secondary: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

specific lymphatic vessels responsible for absorbing fluid, protein, and fats from digestive tract

water, salts, proteins, lipids, WBCs, bacteria, cellular debris

interstitial fluid space → lymphatic capillaries→ afferent vessels→ lymph nodes→ efferent vessels→ right lymphatic or thoracic duct→ subclavian veins→ superior vena cava

Collect from right side of head, thorax, and right arm; Dumps into the right subclavian vein

Collects from lower half of body and left half of body via the cisterna chyli; Drains into left subclavian vein

Dilated sac that receives lymph from intestinal and lumbar lymphatic trunks

Little to no smooth muscle; lack adventitia; small

Hematopoietic tissue- produces erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes;

Largely replaced with yellow bone marrow with growth/age;

Immunocompetence

Residence for memory B and T cells

Primarily adipocytes

Capsule with 2 lobes each with an outer cortex and inner medullary;

Largest and most active when young- develops immunity and atrophies with age/development;

Thrombocytes that mature and gain immunocompetence here

Filters blood: removes aged/damaged erythrocytes, pathogens, and cellular debris;

Reservoir for platelets and blood;

Site of lymphocyte proliferation;

Surveillance area for immune cells

Small, round masses of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx;

Pharyngeal/Adenoids, Palatine, and Lingual;

Contain immune cells that capture and destroy pathogens before they enter the body further

Traps and eliminates pathogens in the lymphatic tract;

Peyer’s Patches and Appendix

GALT

Round aggregates of lymphoid tissue within the mucosa and submucosal layers of the ileum of the small intestine

Finger-like projection off of cecum of large intestine

Gas exchange and pH balance

Air movement in and out of the lungs

Gas exchange between lungs and blood

Carrying gases through the blood

Gas exchange between blood and systemic tissues

Gas transport;

Lined with respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells);

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lung

Filters allergens, dust, and pathogens from inhaled air;

Resonating chamber during speech;

Lined with olfactory receptors;

External nares, nasal cavity, nasal conchae, parasinal sinuses

Superior portion of hard palate and nasal conchae;

Anterior: stratified squamous;

Deeper: mucus membrane (pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells) that moistens air and catches debris (cilia move toward pharynx for removal)

Even Deeper: connective tissue to warm air

Ridges that increase surface area and create turbulence and spinning of the air→ pushes the air towards the mucus membrane

4 pairs of hollow spaces in the skull around the nose and nasal cavity;

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary;

Decreases the bony mass of the skull;

Resonance chamber for speech;

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

Nasopharynx (pseudostratified ciliated columnar), oropharynx (nonkeratinized stratified squamous), laryngopharynx (both);

Lined with mucus membrane;

Deep to the epithelia tissue: tonsils;

Pharyngeal/Eustachian Tubes: drain middle ear to the nasopharynx

Immunoprotection;

Pharyngeal/Adenoids (nasopharynx);

Palatine and Lingual (oropharynx)

Lining is mostly pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells;

Directs air → trachea and food→ esophogus;

Involved with speech and sound production, also coughing;

Epiglottis covers opening of larynx (glottis) to prevent food/fluid from entering;

9 Hyaline Cartilages: includes thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and arytenoid cartilage

Largest of larynx cartilages;

Protects vocal cords (nonkeratinized stratified squamous)

Attachment site for muscles, cartilages, and ligaments involved with speech production;

Forms complete ring around superior border of trachea

Abduct and adduct vocal cords to change pitch;

Muscles controlling its movement innervated by vagus nerve

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage;

Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells;

Mucus traps debris and pathogens;

Cilia beats upward to propel the mucus and trapped material to the pharynx for removal

Direct inspired air to lungs;

Right Primary: larger diameter, shorter, more vertical;

Primary→ secondary→ tertiary→ #- order segmental bronchi→ bronchioles→ terminal bronchioles (end of conducting zone)

Apex: just deep and inferior to clavicles, narrow and superior portion;

Base: directly on and connected to diaphragm;

Cardiac Notch: indent on left lung to make room for the heart:

Pulmonary Pleura

Visceral Pleura: directly on top of each lung;

Pleural Cavity: between layers, filled with pleural fluid;

Parietal Pleura: anchors lungs to thoracic cavity and superior portion of the diaphragm

Gas exchange;

Respiratory bronchioles→ alveolar ducts→ alveolar sacs

Most alveoli;

Single layer simple squamous around empty space;

Deep is thin layer of elastic connective tissue;

Macrophages intermixed within alveolar spaces

Join alveoli

Secrete surfactant

Complex of proteins and phospholipids that decrease surface tension and prevent alveoli collapse at end of expiration

Surround alveoli;

Simple squamous epithelial

Alveolar walls, pulmonary capillary walls, and the basement membrane between these walls;

Air- blood barrier;

Gas exchange

Diaphragm;

Inspiration: contracts inferiorly→ increased length and volume of thoracic chamber;

Expiration: relaxes→ decreased thoracic chamber size and volume

Inspiration: external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, scalenes; raises and widens ribs;

Expiration: internal intercostals, external abdominal obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis

Volume and pressure are inversely proportional

Pulmonary function test that measures volumes of air inspired and expired as well as their speeds; measured with spirometer

Total pressure = sum of partial pressures

When gas and liquid are in contact, gas dissolves into the liquid in proportion to its solubility and partial pressure;

Increased partial pressure difference = more gas dissolving into the liquid and faster

Hemoglobin saturated with oxygen (4)

4 polypeptide units (Globins- 2 alpha and 2 beta in adults; each with 1 heme group with 1 iron)

Hemoglobin after exchanging oxygen;

Primed for carbon dioxide

Dissolved in plasma (7-10%);

Chemically bound to hemoglobin (20%):

Converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

4 carbon dioxides bound to hemoglobin

Hemoglobin without oxygen is more likely to bind to carbon dioxide

When carbonic anhydrase is present carbon dioxide and water form carbonic acid;

Carbonic acid then splits to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate;

H+ binds to hemoglobin;

Chloride Shift: bicarbonate transported out of erythrocyte in exchange for Cl- from the plasma with facilitated diffusion; Bicarbonate diffuses in the plasma to be transported to the lungs

Y-axis: % hemoglobin saturated with oxygen;

X-axis: pressure of oxygen in mmHg;

Effected By: tissue activity levels, temperature, blood pH levels

Increased activity: use oxygen faster for ATP→ decreased oxygen pressure from 40 mmHg to 20 mmHg→ higher percentage of oxygen delivered

Increased temperature: right shift in curve for metabolically active tissue due to increased oxygen delivered; limited change on lungs

Decreased pH: right shift in curve for systemic tissues due to increased oxygen delivery (need oxygen for metabolism whose wastes lower pH); limited change on lungs;

Bohr Effect

Increased blood pH→ hemoglobin has increased affinity for oxygen