DT term 2 exam 3

finite resource, Only so much available and it will one day run out

Gas, Coal, Oil

process of removing gas which is trapped in rocks underground

• Hole drilled into shale rock

• water, sand and chemicals pumped into borehole

• pressure in bore causes fractures in the shale

• gas from shale flows into pipe and back to surface

• All infrastructure already in place - no setup cost

• readily available

• gas can be easily transported by pipelines

• a large amount of energy can be produced at a single location

• Co2 produced when burned

• Impacts climate change

• Fracking can impact the water table - possibility of releasing the toxic particles

• impact on local residents

• considered clean

• low carbon emissions

• safe and reliable

• risk associated with nuclear waste

• large scale problems caused by accidents

• Fukushima 2011 - cause by an earthquake and tsunami the plant was unable to cool reactors and radioactive contaminants were released into the local environment

• Chernobyl 1986 - rupture in the coolant system following testing the building was destroyed and the radioactive contaminants were released

• they do not produce power when it is too windy or not windy enough

• harm wildlife

The blades turn in the wind which then turns an electrical generator to create the power.

Photovoltaic cells are used to convert sunlight into electricity

water moves a turbine which is then converted into electricity. Tides are used as this creates a constant movement of water however repair and maintenance can be difficult as turbines are often located far off shore

The use of reservoirs to control the flow of water for later energy production. Large areas of land may need to be flooded to create reservoirs if more are required, this could have added benefit for loacals as the reservoirs can be used for leisure purposes

uses renewable organic material to produce energy e.g. wood, straw, household waste, algae. materials can be burned as a heat source of used to convert into electricity

• renewable

• low carbon emissions

• stable energy prices

• will not run out

• will not produce power if the condition are not correct

• solar or wind farms may not be built if there is large local opposition

• requires space

Stored using spring under tension or compression. for example in clockwork systems springs are used when you wind a clockwork mechanism, this either puts the spring under tension or compression which then powers the mechanism.

Air/gas can be compressed to store energy the release of which is then controlled by valves, actuators and pistons when needed.

Liquids are compressed instead of gasses and are more powerful used in car braking sytems, JCB arms and tractors.

Power can also be stored chemically available as single use or rechargeable. They store lots of charge and this has helped develop electric transport messages. However these can cause the dame environmental damage caused when batteries are sent to landfill. The chemicals stored inside may be released into the environment which can damage the water table .

method of raising money to fund new designs

• multiple people give money if they like the idea of the product being produced

• Money can be donated no expectation of return

• funders can purchase a stake in the business

• individuals may receive a proportion of future company profits

• donation to purchase

• enterprise owned and run by its members

• cost effective way to sell goods

• set up to protect the members of the cooperative to ensure fair terms

• members share some of the profits of the business

• better prices, working conditions, fair terms of trade for farmers or producers in less economically developed countries

• logo is attached to products which have fulfilled the standards

• standards include - protection of workers rights, payment of minimum price, investment in business or community projects

when new products are planned or considered designers and design companies will complete research to decide whether the product is viable.

• interviews

• questionnaires

• product analysis

• ergonomic and anthropometric data

  They would also consider

• cost

• reliability

• longevity

• sustainability

• recylcability

A focus group is a group interview people are asked questions or given scenario sand asked for their opinions about a product or service, more depth than questionnaires

If the group is too small then not enough opinions will be father but if it is too big some people may not get the chance to contribute

Science of collecting statistical data about body measurements both for adults and children.

Products that have been designed with consideration of the human senses

• sight

• smell

• touch

• comfort

• sound

• temperature

when a new technology is created and incorporated into a product without it being requested by customers, usually high cost outlays due to time spent by manufacturers researching and developing new technology

• touch screens

• multiple cameras

• folding screens

• 3D TVs

When a company uses pubic opinion or requests to inform their design ideas or decisions

• fast charging of electronic products

• lower power consumption

• incorporation of additional features into existing products

As new tools and machines are created job roles may change e.g. if a factory gets a new robot - workers might need to learn how to operate or maintain it.

when companies work with others worldwide job roles can shift. Designers might need to consider preferences from different countries or work with teams from around the world.

if people want new features in products designers and engineers must adapt for example id a customer prefers eco friendly items designer may need to create products with that in mind

Changing products slightly for example ensuring the packaging has braille or manufacturing something specially for an disabled individual including things like adapted seating or prosthetics

designing for

• arthritis

• eyesight issues

• hearing loss

• mobility issues

  So products can be adapted to help

Different religious groups have different requirements or some people have different lifestyle choices e.g. vegetarians may choose to only buy products that contain no animal byproducts.

• beliefs/faith

• economic influence-affordability /luxury

• technology advancements

• environment

• political

• historical influence

• art and design influences

Systems can be used to add functionality to designs

3 main elements to a system input - process - output

depending on the requirement they will have different components

Input adds information or energy to a program

switch or sensor

• components which provide information to the outside world including components that emit light and sound e.g. speaker

statement a client gives to the designer outlining what they want their product

list of criteria a product needs to address. A designer uses the brief as a starting point for research.

• functionality

• aesthetics

• environmental factors

• Ethical factors

• availability

• cost

• social factors

• cultural factors

working with other designers on proposals and solve problems as well as gathering data. It can improve the range or quality of items, However there can be communication issues.

the product is designed to fulfill the wants and needs of the limitations of the client. the user is the focus throughout the design process. This can help companies understand how the product can be modified even after launch

electronic deices in electrical, mechanical or programmable systems. Easy to understand but might need to be edited a lot of there might be issues with programming it as required as systems approach plans the layout for the correct inputs processes and outputs, things that need logical and ordered methods.

Each iteration gets better as a result of the small refinements being made after each design which leads to desired quality and functionality. However this is time and money consuming because you are making lots of models, using lots of material and though it it the best it can be.

• use of mood boards

• different approaches to design generation

• abstract drawing/ models that can be interpreted into designs

home-products and kitchenware company based in Italy that produces and sells common products created by many famous industrial designers and architects such as Ettore Sottsass, Philippe Starck and Zaha Hadid.

• founded in 1921

• began making a variety of dinnerware products in chromium, nickel and silver pated brass

• One item is produced which can be highly specialised item

• workers will be highly skilled

• unit cost is usually higher

• examples of this are prosthetics

mass produced item will be adapted to an individual client for example a personalized coffee cup

• up to 1000 units manufactured per batch

• works along production points

• workers may be skilled in a few different processes

may be manufactured in this way if only a limited number of products are needed or if the product is seasonal

• large scale production

• large amount of CAD/CAM

• high setup cost for production

• products are made 24/7

• low cost consumable items

• products in high demand e.g. toilet roll

the use or introduction of automatic equipment in a manufacturing or other process or facility

Automation tends to be used in large scale production which allows a reduction in staffing costs however there are large setup costs

automation helps to reduce error in production due to being controlled by computers rather than by individuals

• ideas can be drawn and developed quickly

• designs can be viewed from all angles and with a range of materials

• some testing and consumer feedback can be done before costly production takes place

• it becomes easier to design and test a range of ideas

• expensive to set up

• needs a skilled workforce

• difficult to keep up constantly changing and improving technology

• computers can fail

• fast and accurate production

• machines can run constantly on repetitive tasks

• good fro producing n a mass production line

• less material wastage

• expensive to set up

• needs a skilled workforce

• downtime required for maintenance

• computers and machines can fail

collections of automated machines which can be reprogrammed to produce a range of different products

mass production lines don’t need this flexibility so they will only be able to complete 1 process

This means manufacturers can change their product dependant on demand

means that component parts of a product are only manufactured or ordered as required. means that there aren’t excess products or parts sitting in storage which may not be needed or sold

• improves customer service as firms provide a faster and speeder delivery of goods

• reduces waste

• optimum utilization resources

• firms incur no holding costs

• production errors are easily noticeable in smaller batches

• inventory turnover is also high

• the production process occurs smoothly

• It is difficult to forecast future demand and start production

• hurdles arise when there is a sudden rise in market demand

• strong coordination team is required

• difficult to match the customers expectations

Aim to reduce any waste processes within the manufacturing and transport system this allows products to be manufactured quickly with reduced numbers of defects