Unit 6 & 7 Gradesavers (copy)

the physical characteristics of place

location of a place relative to its surroundings and connectivity to other places

the process of developing towns and cities

the process of people moving, usually from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city and occurs for numerous reasons

the tendency of people or businesses and industries to locate outside the central city

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

the prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs

rapidly growing communities in the suburbs

cities that have a population of more than 10 million people

cities that have a population of more than 20 million people OR attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together to form a large interconnected urban system

a chain of cities

cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries

a ranking of cities based on influence or population size

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop

cities that are more developed than other cities in the system and are, consequently, more powerful

states that larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther away

explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region

the commercial heart of a city

the outer ring of a city that shows poverty, lack of infrastructure, and areas of poorly-built housing

when open space presents an economic opportunity for landowners to build small, multi-family housing units, placing more people into existing city blocks

a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment

the facilities and systems that serve the population

the local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

combines residential, commercial, cultural, or institutional functions into a building, block, or neighborhood

the extent to which the built environment is friendly to the presence of people living, shopping, visiting, enjoying or spending time in an area

a mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport

governmental regulations that try to prevent sprawl and retain farmland

policies/approaches that take into account the human and environmental impacts of a growing city

allows local and national authorities to regulate and control land and the property markets to ensure complementary uses

areas of undeveloped land around an urban area

the urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and jobs

urban communities where the lanners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse effects of sprawl

racial segregation by the people, not by law

data that can be counted or measured (numbers)

data from surveys

data from censuses

discrimination of people trying to buy, sell, and/or finance a home based on certain characteristics

when banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas

when groups of people of the same race

the extent to which housing is affordable, relative to how much the buyer is willing to pay

the disproportionate exposure of minorities and the poor to pollution and its impacts, plus the unequal protection of their rights under the law

the lack of desirable features in a place or city (food deserts)

areas of a city that have been deserted by their owners for economic or environmental reasons

any collection of buildings where people have no legal rights to the land their are built upon

the legal protection of contracts to show ownership of the land or structures

offers incentives for developers to set aside a percentage of housing for low-income owner-occupied area of a city

allows governments to clear out the blighted inner-city slums

the process of converting an urban inner-city neighborhood from a mostly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly wealthier, owner-occupied area of a city

a city can be organized without reliance on the surrounding countryside and power itself with renewable energy

the impact of human activity on the environment

the rapid spread of development outward from the inner-city

streets that are lined with tall buildings, can channel and intensify wind, and prevent natural sunlight from reaching the ground

an area of a city warmer than the surrounding areas

consists of dilapidated buildings, and polluted or contaminated soils

renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up

a series of technological advances starting in the 18th century

the process of economic and social change that transforms a human group from a pre-industry society to an industrial one

a process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs

small, home-based businesses that made goods

regions that have large numbers of closed factories

extracting natural resources from the Earth (farmers miners fishers, foresters)

making products from natural resources (manufacturing, building)

providing information and services to people (retail sales, medicine, and housekeeping)

managing and processing info (financial analysis, software development, and data science)

creating info and making high-level decisions

the procedure of transferring cargo from one mode of transportation to another

(Alfred Weber) explains the key decisions made by businesses about where to locate factories

the potential of a job to produce additional jobs

market-dependent industries

raw material-dependent industries

national or global regions where economic power is concentrated

has standards of living a lower than core, but higher than periphery

less developed, economically poor countries

the amount of money, all goods and services produced within a country in a year

the amount of money all goods and services produced by a country’s citizens in a year

a measure of the total value of goods and services produced in a country divided by the country’s population

the portion of the economy that is monitored by government, so people in it to follow regulations and pay taxes

the portion of the economy that is not monitored by the government

One measure of the distribution of income within a population. The values range from 0 to 1. The higher the number, the higher the degree of income inequality. If the number was zero, everyone would be getting paid the same.

A measure of several factors, including gender disparity. The higher the number, the more potential human development lost.

Combines the GNI per capita, with life expectancy, expected years of schooling, and average years of schooling. The higher the number, the greater lovers of development.

how income is distributed among different groups of individuals

an estimate of the average number of children born to each female in their childbearing years

measures how many babies person thousand births die before they age 1

having access to healthcare

a barrier to career advancement, usually in reference to women/minorities

organizations that empower women to find jobs outside their homes

loans provided to woman by microcredit or micro finance programs to start or expand a business

1. Traditional Society

2. Preconditions of Take-Off

3. Take-Off

4. Drive to Maturity

5. High Mass Consumption

divided the world into core, periphery, and semi-periphery

a dependency model that suggests all countries are dependent on each other

a system of exchange in which no money changes hands

the ability to produce a good or service at a lower cost than others

when a country has good or services, another country desires

a set of reforms that reduced government regulations and taxation

global organizations made to monitor the rules of international trade

a trading bloc that includes several South American countries

an intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-producing countries that aim to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its members states