History Study Guide

By divine right, the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth

1 - Religious and traditional conflicts created fear and uncertainty

2 - Growth of armies to deal with conflicts caused rulers to rise taxes to pay troops

3 - Heavy taxes led to additional arrest and peasant revolts

1. Rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas

2. Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful,

3. Elers created bureaucracies to control their countries’ economies

A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

They hand over their rights to a strong ruler, and they gain law and order in exchange.

1 - Life

2 - Liberty

3 - Property

Citizens have a right to overthrow it

• Reason

• Nature

• Happiness

• Progress

• Liberty

They gave people the confidence that human reason could solve social problems

1. Clergy

2. Nobles

1. Bourgeoisie

2. Urban workers

3. Peasants

• bourgeoisie (middle class)

  • Merchants and artisans

  • Well-educated

  • Believed strongly in Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality

  • Some were as rich as nobles, but paid high taxes and had no privileges

• urban workers

  • Cooks, servants, etc.

  • Often went hungry because of low wages and high unemployment

  • Sometimes attacked carts of grain and bread to steal during hard times

• Peasants

  • Over 80% of the population

  • Paid half their income in dues to nobles, tithes to the church, and taxes to the king’s agents

  • Paid taxes on basic staples such as salt

• The population of France was expanding rapidly, along with trade and production

• People still couldn’t make a profit and build a business because of heavy taxes

• The cost of living rose

• Bad weather in  the 1780s caused widespread crop failures, resulting in a shortage of grain and doubling the price of bread

• Louis XVI inherited large debt from his predecessors and borrowed heavily to help the Americans win their revolution

• Bankers refused to lend France any more money in 1786

Locked out of the meeting room, 3rd Estate met in the tennis court and made Tennis Court Oath to keep meeting until they could write a new constitution

They were searching for gunpowder because there were rumors that Louis would soon attack citizens with foreign troops.

1. peasants broke into nobles' houses

2. Stole legal papers that bound them to feudal duties,

3. Sometimes burned down nobles’ houses

1. They marched to Versailles

2. Broke into the palace

3. Killed two guards

4. Forced Louis to return to Paris with them

It adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

• Liberty

• Equality

• Fraternity

Declaration of the rights of women

It lost its lands and its political independence

Radicals

• Sat in the left, opposed the monarchy, and wanted sweeping changes in the government

Moderates

• Sat in the center and wanted some changes in government

Conservatives

• Sat on the right and upheld the idea of a limited monarchy with few changes in government

• Parisian wage-earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in the government

• lower food prices

• End food shortage

To remove the king and establish a republic

• Made Louis a private citizen

• Tried Louis for treason and sentenced him to death

• Executed him by guillotine in January 1793

• Abolished Sundays

• Closed all churches

About 40,000

• The two-house legislature would be dominated by the upper middle class

• An executive body of five men called the Directory would be chosen from moderates

• Although the Directory was corrupt, it brought order to France for a time

• His army was pinned down in Egypt

• His naval forces were defeated by the British admiral Horatio Nelson.

• He set up an efficient tax-collection system

• Established a national bank

• Assuring the government a steady supply of tax money

• Promoting sound financial management and better control of the economy.

• Freedom of speech

• Press was restricted rather than expanded

• Restored slavery in the French Caribbean

Gained money to finance operations in Europe and he punished his British enemies by promoting the US as Britain’s rival.

• It assured the supremacy of the British navy for the next hundred years

• It also forced Napoleon to give up his plans of invading Britain.

It made them more conscious of their loyalty to their own nations

Spanish guerrillas killed 300,000 French soldiers over five years, and Napoleon could not defeat them.

Russians retreated toward Moscow and practiced a scorched-earth policy, which caused soldiers to desert the French army to search for scraps of food.

• He was exiled to St. Helena

• He lived for six years

• Writing his memoirs

• Died of a stomach ailment

1. He wanted to prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries

2. He wanted to restore a balance of power so that no country would be a threat to others

3. He wanted to restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had held before Napoleon's conquests

Its settlements were fair enough for no country to be left bearing a grudge, so it did not sow the seeds of future wars. Also, for the first time, the nations of an entire continent were cooperating to control political affairs.

Democracy

One economic cause is taxes without representation. The stamp act attempted for the British to raise money by taxing the colonialist on official affairs. Colonialists complain cause they had no representation in parliament

One political cause was the breaking of the social contract. Many Americans embraced the ideas of John Locke to protect their life, liberty, and property. Declaration of Independence was shown by Jefferson that England has invaded their rights

It was established by the Federal Republic. After winning the war, they set up a week of confederation. They soon changed it to a new federal republic under a new constitution. Give power to state and national government