term 1 | year 11

The chemicals that are used for communication between a neuron at the synapse and another cell.

• Acetylcholine transfers the action potential from the motor unit to the muscle cells, allowing for contraction. It changes the electrical impulse to a chemical stimulus, as well as allowing calcium to be released.

• Cholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine which allows the muscle to stop contracting.

• Myosin filaments have myosin heads which are prevented from binding to the actin due to tropomyosin.

• Troponin neutralizes tropomyosin when calcium is present, which is stimulated by a nerve impulse

• This allows the myosin heads to bind to the actin, which stimulates the breakdown of ATP and releases energy

• This binding shortens the muscles causing muscle contraction

• This stops when the calcium ions are removed

• slow contraction speed

• small size of motor neuron

• high fatigue resistance

• used for aerobic activity

• low force production

• highly efficient

• high mitochondrial density

• high capillarization

• high oxidative capacity

• Protection of organs

• Attachment for muscles

• Support of organs and tissues

• Movement for muscles

• Store minerals

• Produce blood cells

• Long (humerus)

• Short (carpals)

• Flat (ribs)

• Irregular (vertebrae)

• proximal - closer to center

• distal - further away

• medial - closer to midline

• lateral - further from midline

• inferior - below/further away from head

• superior - above/closer to head

• posterior - behind

• anterior - in front

• Tendons (MTB muscle to bone)

• Ligaments (BTB bone to bone)

• Cartilage (reduces frictions and creates cushion)

• Fibrous (fixed), no movement allowed

• Cartilaginous, limited movement allowed

• Synovial, most common and allows most movement

• Hinge, elbow

• Pivot, neck

• Ball and Socket, shoulder

• Condyloid, wrist

• Saddle, thumb

• Gliding, tarsals

• Adduction, towards midline

• Abduction, away from midline

• Flexion, make angle smaller

• Extension, make angle larger

• Pronation, palm down

• Supination, palm up

• elevation, shrug (up)

• depression, down

• rotation, turning on a long axis

• circumduction, turn wrist

• eversion, pointing outwards

• inversion, pointing inwards

• plantar flexion, stand on toes

• dorsi flexion, stand on heels

• Left and Right carotid arteries

• Left and Right vertebral arteries

• BBB (blood brain barrier)

• Glucose and Oxygen

• ATP

Brain Stem - respiratory and cardiovascular control

Thalamus - sensations

Hypothalamus - autonomic nervous system, BP, heart rate

Cerebrum - thinking, language, emotion, motivation

Frontal lobe - reasoning, planning, speech, movement

Parietal lobe - somatic and motor

Occipital lobe - visual and association

Temporal lobe - auditory and memory

• Regulation of Body Temperature

• Protection and immunity

• Sensation

• Excretion

• Synthesis of Vitamin D

Isotonic - change in muscle length

• Concentric (shorter)

• Eccentric (longer)

Isometric - no change in length

Isokinetic - produce movement at constant speed (rare)

Agonist and Antagonist pairs, agonist move the muscle and antagonist bring it back to resting.

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells) (44%)

• Leukocytes (white blood cells) (0.5%)

• Platelets (0.5%)

• Plasma (55%)

• Intrinsic (pacemaker system)

• Extrinsic (autonomic nervous system)

The amount of blood returned to the right side of the heart.

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat (liters)

Where heart rate increases, stroke volume decreases but cardiac output remains the same. This is due to heat and prolonged endurance exercise. It can be minimized by hydration.

Systolic - contract and spill (higher then Di during exercise)

Diastolic - relax and fill

• resting heart rate decreases

• stroke volume increases

• increased capillarization

• arterio-venous oxygen difference increases