PSY 240 Final

Deviance, distress, dysfunction danger

Behavior is viewed as different unusual, even bizarre

When a behavior causes anxiety bad feelings or other negative feelings for either the person or others who come in contact with them

According to abnormal behavior the label dysfunctional cannot be used until it interferes with daily life functions

Abnormal behavior may cause an individual to become dangerous to oneself or others

Some behaviors seem deviant until you look at the context in which they are occurring. Write about an example of a behavior could be viewed as deviant or not based on context. Abnormal behavior is subjective to who is observing. Someone raised traditional American may find the behavior of Burman women to be strange but to them its normal. Bras rings to stretch neck

Somatogenic: Abnormal functioning has physical causes

Abnormal functioning has psychological causes

antianxiety and antidepressant drugs led to deinstitutionalization. Outpatient care, community mental health Discovery in 1950's

The consistency of an assessment measure

The accuracy of a tool's results

Appears to measure what it is supposed to measure This does not necessarily indicate true validity

Accurately predicts future characteristics/behavior

Results agree w/independent measures assessing similar characteristics or behavior

consists of more than 500 self-statements describing physical concerns; mood; morale; attitudes toward religion sex, and social activities; and psychological symptoms that can be answered "true," "false," or "cannot say."

Numerous scales to measure personality traits. Can run hundreds of items led to creation of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)

self-report measures on a specific area of functioning

Measure severity of emotions; anxiety depression, & anger Most widely used affective inventories is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

Respondents indicate how they would respond in a variety of social situations Inventories are often used by behavioral & family-social clinicians

Reveal a person's typical thoughts and assumptions Inventories are used by cognitive clinicians and researchers

Flooding, Modeling, Systematic desensitization

repeated/intense exposure

therapist confronts feared event/object and client observes

Repeated exposure to small amounts of a fearful stimulus eventually weakens fearful responses

Panic attacks caused by too little GABA and too much orexin

Overwhelming social fears & Lack of social skills

Benzodiazepine or antidepressant drugs

Exposure therapy and systematic therapy discussions Social skills and assertiveness training

edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems.

persistent and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation; usually lasting at least 6 months

Periodic short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass. Feature at least four of the following symptoms of panic: Heart palpitations, Tingling in the hands or feet, Shortness of breath,Sweating, Hot and cold flashes, Trembling, Chest pains, Choking sensation, faintness, Dizziness, Feeling on inreality,

Fear of public transport and that it would be hard to escape or get help if panic embarrassment, or disabling symptoms were to occur.

Occurrence of repeated obsessions compulsions, or both. Various forms of voluntary behaviors or mental acts, Feel mandatory/unstoppable, Recognition that behaviors are unreasonable, Performing behaviors reduces anxiety for a short time, Behaviors often develop into rituals

persistent and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation; usually lasting at least 6 months

Brain-body stress: increased levels if NE and cortisol. Brain's stress circuit: includes such structures as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and hippocampus, among others

Chronic neglect or abuse, poverty, Parental conflict, Catastrophe/assault/abuse <10 yrs. of age, Family members with psychological disorders

Some studies suggest that people with certain personalities attitudes, and coping styles are particularly likely to develop stress disorders. attitudes, and coping styles are particularly likely to develop stress disorders. intolerance of uncertainty, inflexible coping style, and negative worldview versus resiliency and manageable stress exposure in childhood A set of positive attitudes (called resiliency or hardiness) is protective against developing

Weak family and social support systems contribute negatively. Severity and nature of the trauma (More severe or prolonged trauma, More direct exposure to trauma, Intentionally inflicted trauma) Mutilation:severe physical injury, or sexual assault

Cognitive processing therapy: accept experiences, things they've had to do, judge themselves less and learn to trust others. Mindfulness-based techniques: attend to thoughts/feelings & accept them Exposure techniques; prolonged exposure: Very effective, clients confront trauma directly along with memories of traumatic experiences Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): clients move their eyes in rhythmic manner (side-to-side) while imagining objections/situations they'd typically avoid

sympathetic An extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to all other organs of the body.

The nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experienced as arousal. Parasympathetic nervous system: The nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that help return bodily processes to normal.

When we face a dangerous situation, the hypothalamus first excites the sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates key organs either directly or indirectly.

The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (stress hormones) into the bloodstream.

A network of glands throughout the body that release hormones.

Inability to recall important information, usually of an upsetting nature, about one's life Memory loss is much more extensive than normal forgetting and is not caused by physical factors.

Localized, Selective, generalized, Continuous

Most common type; loss of all memory of events occurring within a limited period

Forgetting continues into the future; quite rare in cases of dissociative amnesia

Loss of memory for some, but not all, events occurring within a period

Loss of memory beginning with an event, but extending back in time; may lose sense of identity; may fail to recognize family and friends

Extreme version of dissociative amnesia. People not only forget their personal identities and details of their past, but also flee to an entirely different location

Two or more distinct personalities (subpersonalities) develop. Each has a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. Sudden movement from one subpersonality to another is usually triggered by stress. Women diagnosed 3X more than men

Dissociative disorders are caused by repression. People fight off anxiety by unconsciously preventing painful memories, thoughts, or impulses from reaching awareness. DID results from a lifetime of excessive repression, motivated by very traumatic childhood events.

Link between state and recall. Learning can also be associated with mood states.Arousal is an important part of learning and memory.

Dissociative amnesia Parallel between hypnotic amnesia and dissociative disorders People may hypnotize themselves to forget unpleasant events; fugue occurs when all memories of person's past and identity are forgotten

Children who experience early abuse or horrifying events may escape threat by self-hypnosis (mental separation through wish to become another person).

Genetic factors Family pedigree studies Studies of genetic factors, biochemical factors, brain circuits, and the immune system suggest unipolar depression has biological causes. Twin studies Gene Studies Molecular Biology Biochemical: high blood pressure & Antidepressant Low activity of Serotonin and norepinephrine Hormones- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Brain circuits: dysfunction, brain imaging studies Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala Interconnectivity problems Immune system, stress dysregulates immune system contributing to depression

Psychodynamic: Freud and Abraham- when someone people experience real or imagined losses (symbolic loss) Object Relations: Depression results from people's relationships leave them feeling unsafe and insecure

Depression results from problematic behaviors and dysfunctional thinking. Number of life rewards related to presence or absence of depression. Large reduction in positive life rewards may cause increasingly fewer positive behaviors, even lower positive rewards rate, and eventual depression.Strong relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness

Depression influenced by social context and often triggered by outside stressors. Family-social perspective. Depressed people often demonstrate social deficits that may cause avoidance by others, thereby decreasing their social contacts and rewards. Depression is tied to weak or unavailable social support, isolation, and lack of intimacy; tried repeatedly to troubled or unhappy marriage.

Depression is found worldwide, and core symptoms have been widely reported. Precise picture of depression varies from country to country.Depressed people in non-Western countries are more likely to be troubled by physical symptoms of depression than by cognitive ones.

Ketamine. Increases activity of glutamate in brain; may aid in new neural pathway development

Occurrence of a manic episode

Presence or history of major depressive episode(s)

Mood-stabilizing drugs and strategies. Lithium (FDA approved in 1970)

MAO inhibitors. Increases activity level of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine

Inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake of key serotonin and norepinephrine

increases serotonin by stopping the breakdown of neurotransmitter

A refusal to maintain more than 85% of normal body weight Intense fear of becoming overweight Distorted view of weight and shape

Restricting type: Lose weight by cutting out sweets and fattening snacks, eventually eliminating nearly all food. Coming up with excuses why she isn't hungry and providing false proof of eating.

Binge-eating/purging type: Lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics

binges—repeated bouts of uncontrolled overeating during a limited period of time

with binge-eating disorder engage in repeated eating binges during which they feel no control. These individuals do not perform inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as purging

Antidepressant drugs can help persons with eating disorders (most effective for bulimia & binge-eating).

Lateral hypothalamus (LH): Produces hunger Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH): Reduces hunger

Depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis

People who are most likely to develop these disorders: powerful dependency needs that can be traced to their early years - caused by a lack of parental nurturing. Some people may develop a "substance abuse personality" as a result. Limited research links early impulsivity to later substance use, but the findings are correlational and researchers cannot presently conclude that any one personality trait or group of traits stands out in substance use disorders. Therapies: Clients helped to become aware of and correct underlying needs

Operant conditioned by tension-reduction, rewarding effects of drugs (self-medication) Have rewards-produced expectancy that substances will be rewarding Influenced by classical conditioning when cues or objects are present during drug Therapies: Identify and change behaviors that contribute to substance misuse. Aversion therapy: A widely used behavioral treatment is aversion therapy, an approach based on classical conditioning principles. Pairing unpleasant stimuli with moment of drug use. After repeated pairings, they are expected to react negatively to the substance itself & to lose their craving for it. Relapse Training Acceptance and commitment therapy: mindfulness-based approach to help clients become aware of their streams of thoughts as they are occurring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind.

Neurotransmitters Genetic predisposition brain circuits- Reward circuit (reward center, nucleus accumbens) Pleasure Pathway- The key neurotransmitter appears to be dopamine; when it is activated throughout this pathway Incentive-sensitization theory- Some theorists believe that when substances repeatedly stimulate the reward center, the center develops a hypersensitivity to the substances; this incentive-sensitization theory has received considerable support in animal studies. Therapies: Withdraw, abstain, or maintain level of use without further increase

People who are most likely to develop these disorders: Living in stressful socioeconomic conditions. Have families that value or tolerate drug use.Are confronted regularly by other kinds of stress Therapies: AA-Peer Support, Self-help: individual, family and group therapies, Culture- and gender- sensitive programs. Prevention Programs

death seekers, death initiators, death ignorers, and death darers.

Clearly intend to end their lives (ex: shoot themselves)

Intend to end their lives because they believe that the process of death is already under way

Do not believe that their self-inflicted death will mean the end of their existence

Have ambivalent feelings about death and show this in the act itself

Indirect covert, partial, or unconscious - died b/c of carelessness, but didn't mean to

Pro-suicide websites, Live Streaming, High internet use, Stressful events, Mood and thought changes, alcohol and other drug use, mental disorders, modeling

Genetics: Early twin studies point to genetic links to suicide. Brain development:Low serotonin activity and abnormalities in depression-related brain circuits contribute to suicide

A person must have a desire to die and the ability to do so

Odd or eccentric behavior: Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Characterized by deep distrust and suspicion of motives of others

Linked to patterns of early interactions with demanding parents

Tied to broad maladaptive assumptions

Genetic causes

They don't see themselves as needing help. Few come to treatment willingly.Those who are in treatment often distrust and rebel against their therapists. As a result, therapy for this disorder, as for most of the other personality disorders, has limited effectiveness and moves slowly.

Object relations therapists; self-therapists: see past the patient's anger and work on the underlying wish for a satisfying relationship.

restructure maladaptive assumptions/interpretations

Anxiety reduction and interpersonal problem-solving improvement