Nutrition for sport, exercise and health (IB)

the inactive form of trypsin

is a small, pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver

plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats.

emulsify large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes (such as lipase) to efficiently break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

enzymes present on the brush border of the small intestine's epithelial cells (enterocytes), further break down peptides into individual amino acids.

are absorbed across the apical membrane of the enterocytes (the side facing the intestinal lumen) through various transporter proteins.

amino acids are processed and may undergo various modifications before being transported to the basolateral membrane (the side facing the bloodstream).

plays a role in regulating amino acid levels, as well as in amino acid metabolism.

typical pH range found in the mouth

which is produced by the salivary glands and presen

play a crucial role in digestion by facilitating the breakdown of complex food molecules into smaller, absorbable units.

involves the conversion of large macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, into smaller components like sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.

Breaks down complex carbohydrates (starches) into simpler sugars (such as maltose and glucose).

Breaks down proteins into peptides and amino acids.

 Hydrolyzes triglycerides (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol, allowing for their absorption.

Breaks down nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) into nucleotides.

Located on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, these enzymes further break down disaccharides into monosaccharides for absorption.

Activates trypsinogen into trypsin in the small intestine.

The pH in the duodenum

The pH in the jejunum

is an enzyme produced by the chief cells in the stomach lining.

is produced by the pancreas and released into the duodenum of the small intestine.

are essential for the activity of various enzymes involved in metabolic pathways.

is a coenzyme that participates in reactions related to energy metabolism.

function as coenzymes

function as antioxidants.

involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles. 

The process in Mechanical Digestion

involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones through the action of enzymes.

The process in Chemical Digestion

Most dietary nutrients come in the form of

is produced by the salivary glands and released into the mouth. 

is produced by the pancreas and released into the duodenum of the small intestine.

is produced in the stomach.

further break down peptides into smaller fragments, and peptidases on the brush border of the small intestine complete the process by breaking down peptides into individual amino acids.

This fluid is found outside cells and includes interstitial fluid (between cells) and plasma (within blood vessels).

is the maintenance of stable internal conditions. 

work to counteract changes and return the system to a set point.

This structure in the kidney creates an osmotic gradient, allowing for the concentration of urine.

assists in concentrating urine by reabsorbing water.

is released by the pituitary gland and increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine volume and helping maintain water balance.

This color of urine may indicate dehydration.

is the amount of energy expended by the body at rest to maintain basic physiological functions such as breathing, circulation, and cell production.

what is the Energy Balance Equation?

The relationship between energy intake and expenditure determines whether an individual is in a state of energy balance, surplus, or deficit.

About 10-15 grams of glycogen per 100 grams of muscle tissue.

About 3-5 grams of glycogen per 100 grams of muscle tissue.

Type I fibers predominantly use glycogen for energy.

Both Type I and Type II fibers utilize glycogen, with Type II fibers relying more heavily on anaerobic glycolysis.

is a measure of how quickly a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood glucose levels.

Helps maintain electrolyte balance, preventing hyponatremia during prolonged exercise.

Provides a source of energy to delay fatigue during endurance events.

Alcohol acts as a depressant, impairing cognitive function, coordination, and reaction time.

Alcohol is a diuretic, leading to increased urine production and potential dehydration.

Alcohol can interfere with nutrient

are substances that neutralize free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative damage.