Biology 7th grade

Science is a body of knowledge that explains the natural world

Biology is the study of living organisms.

Take care when handling sharp objects

Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water

 Treat animals/specimens with care.

Properly dispose of waste in the correct location.

Handle plants only as instructed by a teacher. Avoid toxic and poisonous plants or substances.

No running or horseplay.

1)provide natural and testable explanations

2) understand patterns in nature
3) make useful predictions

- understanding is changeable

- things are rarely proven

- aim for best understanding

-Gathering information with these senses.

an explanation that can be tested. 

1.) Make observations

2.) Ask a question

3.) Form a hypothesis

4.) Test the hypothesis

5.) Gather data

6.) Analyze the data

7.) Draw conclusions

8.) Share results

a scientific investigation that is performed under controlled conditions.

variable - the thing you change

variable - what you measure

Title, Scale, Data categories, Data values

information gathered from observations

a quantity, a number or measure.

a quality, description.

used to compare values.

usually show trends or change over time. 

A scientific theory explains overall phenomena and is supported by evidence.  

A scientific theory combines observations and experiments into a general explanation for a scientific phenomenon. Theories explain WHY! 

A scientific law is a statement that predicts or tells us WHAT we expect to happen

Often scientists make CLAIMS about their findings.  Good scientists can support those claims with EVIDENCE and scientific REASONING.

Claim evidence Reasoning

Study

Robert Hooke

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.

Look at graph!

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA

Cell wall, Central vacuole, Chloroplasts

A phenomenon is observable events that occur in the universe.

Phenomena are all around us. Some are easier to notice than others… 

Examples: Lightning, rainbows, fireflies, and more. 

1. Provide natural and testable explanations.

2. Understand patterns in nature

3. Make useful predictions

Science is using investigation to discover amazing things about all things in life and biology is the study of life.

What do you want to know and why do you want to know it?

See if you can find any related studies/ publications. Has anyone asked about this topic before? What did they find?

Make an educated guess or testable prediction.

Organize a clear, repeatable procedure for testing your hypothesis.

Collect your data by running your protocol. Then, make graphs to analyze your data. Does your data match your hypothesis?

What did you learn, was your hypothesis correct?

Communicate your results with other scientists. Publish your work.

Did you accept or reject your hypothesis? Can improvements be made? What other related topics could be explored? Why is this important in the big picture?

Organised set of investigation procedure for prediction.

A dependent variable is a factor that changes based on the independent variable

The variable that you control or manipulate in your experiment.

Dry Mix:
D- Dependent
R- Responding
Y- Y- Axis

M- Manipulated 

I- Independent

X- X- Axis 

*Know variable as well

A graph is a visual display of information/data.

Circle graph/ pie chart, line graph, and bar graph.

Shows how a fixed quantity is broken down into parts.

Shows trends or how data changes over time.

Is useful for comparing information collected by counting.

Three parts of the cell theory include:
1. ALL living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. All cells are produced from other cells

Cytoskeleton gives the cell its shape, transports vesicles, and supports other cells plasma membrane.

The cell walls purpose it to give support and shape to the cell.

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.

Cytoplasm is a thick, jelly-like fluid found outside the nucleus and throughout the cell. Made of liquids and salts. Other organelles located in the cell are suspended in cytoplasm.

The Golgi Body’s main functions are sorting and packaging materials. The Golgi Body uses structures called “vesicles” to deliver materials; then “ships” them out; it is like the cell’s post office.

Mitochondria transform food materials into useful energy. They are found in both plant and animal cells. Like a “battery” of the cell.

Cells that have a specific structure and function, adapted to perform a particular task within the body. All specialized cells come from stem cells.

An undifferentiated cell that has the potential to change into 2 or more types of cells. (Think of it as a chunk of clay that can be sculpted into a mug, a bowl, etc)

The levels of organization, from most simple to most complex: organelles → cell → tissues →organs → organ system → and organism.  

Each one is made up of the one before it (so cells are made out of organelles, tissues are made out of cells, organs are made out of tissues, etc.)

Homeostasis is the process of regulating conditions inside the body to maintain a stable, balanced internal environment.

A cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. An adult can have 36 trillion cells. There are over 200 specialized sales.

A response by the body that counteracts an effect to bring the body to balance (think of a thermostat: it keeps air at a constant temperature and will correct the air temp if it gets too high or low.)

Stimulus is any change in an organism's environment that causes the organism to react so this would be cause in cause and effect

Response is the effect on an organism that is caused by the stimulus. So this would be the effect in cause and effect

Muscle, epithelial, nervous, and connective.

Over 200!
Red blood cells, white blood cells, sperm cells, etc

All specialized cells come from stem cells.

1. Replicate itself

2. Become a different type of cell, two or more

Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus.

The main function is to disassemble the food you eat into molecules your body can use as energy.

Mechanical digestion is where food is chewed, mashed, and churned using your mouth. Chemical Digestion is the process of chewing food on a molecular level through the action of enzymes, or proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

The gastrointestinal tract includes 8 organs that food passes through (entering the mouth and exiting out the anus.)

The accessory organs include 4 organs that food does NOT pass through: the salivary glands, gallbladder, pancreas, and liver.

Both types of digestion occur in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.

The pancreas makes pancreatic juices, which have enzymes that help break down starches and proteins.

A digestive enzyme. Pepsin is found in the stomach as one of the acids that help break down food.

Answer key:

1. mouth

2. Esophagus

3. Stomach

4. Small intestine

5. Large intestine

6. Anus

7. Rectum

8. Gallbladder

9. Pancreas

10. Liver

11. Salivary glands

12. pharynx

Although the urinary system may be referred to as the excretory system, they are not the same because the excretory system refers to all the waste in your body while the urinary only includes the waste in the kidneys.

The urinary system maintains homeostasis by keeping your body’s water, salts, and acids in balance.

A cell called a nephron. We have millions of them in 1 kidney; they are tiny blood filters.

Urine is a from of liquid waste. It is made of water, salts, and uric acid.

The process of removing waste and excess water from the body.

Urochrome is a pigment that “changes colors” depending on your hydration levels. Urine can appear straw colored, amber, or yellow.

Peristalsis is muscle contractions. It occurs in the ureters to move urine more efficiently.

Toxins will build up. If you don't have one working kidney unsafe levels of wastes in your blood can kill you.

Phosphorus is a building block of our genes since it makes up DNA, RNA, and ATP.
It also helps activate enzymes and help maintain blood pH. Phosphorus regulates the normal function of muscles and nerves like the heart.

1. Kidney

2. Ureter

3. Bladder

4. Urethra

5. Capsule

6. Renal pelvis

7. Cortex

8. Medulla

9. Rugae

10. Internal sphincter

11. External sphincter

Transporting air into and out of the lungs, protecting the body against inhaled particles, and exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide gasses are the key functions.

Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration the process that organisms use to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions.

The upper respiratory tract: nose/mouth, nasal cavity, conchae, pharynx, larynx. 

The lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm.

The components of the respiratory system are the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm.