Unit 2 Vocabulary

Buildings where Catholic nuns live in common.

Buildings where Catholic monks live in common.

Renaissance intellectual movement that focused on trying to return the

Church to earlier and more authentic practice of the faith.

To argue in support of something.

The formal leaders of any given religion. Examples of clergy would be

priests, bishops, ministers, rabbis, and imams.

A member of a specific religion who is NOT a part of the clergy.

The study of the historical development and origin of language.

Collective term to refer to Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.

Someone who supports the arts or a specific artist.

The act of buying or selling a religious office, such as the position of

bishop.

The practice of people in a position of power or influence showing

undue favoritism to family or friends.

The practice of certain Church leaders holding more than one religious

office at the same time.

The action of showing great respect to a created person, such as the

Virgin Mary or a saint.

An ancient item that is associated with a holy figure, such as Christ or

a saint.

Actions that a Catholic can undertake to earn forgiveness of sins; in

the 1400’s the Church had begun to sell indulgences angering many.

Catholic teaching that one’s salvation is dependent on both faith and

good works.

Luther’s argument that one’s salvation is dependent on faith only (not

good works), on God’s mercy, and on what is directly written in the

Bible.

The action, taken by a religious group, that denies someone the right

to participate in the church community; to eject someone from a

religion.

1521 heresy trial of Martin Luther. He was judged by HRE Charles V.

To hold positions that are contrary to the accepted teachings of a

religious community.

A person who lives in a nation ruled by a crowned head of state (king,

queen, emperor, etc.).

To assert that one no longer accepts beliefs that one once supported;

to take back something once proclaimed.

Of, or pertaining to the office of the Pope of the Catholic Church.

The act of abstaining from marriage and sexual relations.

Any language spoken by the general population of a region, as

opposed to Latin, the language of the Church and education.

The vast region of Northern Europe that includes the nations of

Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland.

Any person who identifies as a Christian, but who is not a part of the

Catholic or Orthodox Christian faiths.

A revolt by a specific segment of the population against the ruling

authorities.

The existing state of affairs, especially regarding religion and politics.

Anything that is not religious in its character or purpose.

Relating to worldly as opposed to spiritual affairs; secular.

Catholic teaching that during the mass (religious service) the

communion bread and wine are literally transformed into the actual

body and blood of Christ.

Protestant teaching that during the communion bread and wine are

only symbolic representations of the actual body and blood of Christ.

The Calvinist teaching that God has already determined who is saved

and who is damned, even before we are born.

Calvin’s term for those who God had selected for salvation.

Schools where clergy are educated in the beliefs of a specific religion.

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin.

Any representation or image of a sacred figure, such as Christ or a

saint.

A government dominated by religious leaders.

The action of attacking or destroying an icon.

So called “radical” Protestants; the name derives from their practice of

only baptizing adults.

In context, it can mean either Holy Roman Empire or Holy Roman

Emperor.

1555 internal agreement in the Holy Roman Empire that allowed the

ruler of each state in the Empire to select the religion for the people

who live in their state. It briefly ended warfare between Catholics and

Protestants in the Empire.

The action of a monarch in surrendering their claim to the throne.

The family that held the throne of France from 1589 until the French

Revolution.

Term for those nobles and royal figures who supported religious

toleration as a means of restoring domestic peace and strengthening

the nation.

1598 royal decree issued by King Henry IV of France that granted

religious toleration and control of 200 walled fortified cities to that

nation’s Protestant minority.

Term for religious courts set up by Catholic authorities in Spain to root

out anyone suspected of practicing the Jewish or Muslim religions.

The courts could use torture and death to enforce their power.

A legal procedure that cancels a marriage as if it had never taken

place.

A military action in which a victorious army is permitted to rape,

murder, and destroy a conquered city.

Term formerly used to identify a child born to parents who were not

married.

1534 law passed by the English Parliament naming the king (Henry

VIII) the head of the Church of England. The Act also made it

treasonous for anyone to refuse to accept the new law.

Title for a person selected to hold power when a monarch is either too

young or too ill to rule on their own.

A synonym for the Church of England, the Protestant faith first

established in the reign of King Henry VIII.

1559 law passed by the English Parliament that made the Anglican

Church the official state church of England and recognized that there

were other faiths in the nation.

A massive fleet of over 130 Spanish warships that was sent against

England in 1588. The fleet suffered heavy losses and was a major

disaster for Spain.

A landmark meeting of Catholic Church leaders, held between 1546 –

1563 for the purpose of developing a response to the Protestant

Reformation.

To make something uniform, the same.

The official teachings, beliefs, and practices of a religion.

First compiled at the Council of Trent, this was a list of books that

Catholics were prohibited to read. The Index was abolished in 1966.

A synonym for the Society a Jesus, an order of well-educated Catholic

priests founded by a Spanish priest, Ignatius of Loyola, in 1546.

A style of European art, architecture, and music of the 17 th and 18 th

centuries characterized by ornate details and emotional subjects.

A European art movement associated with the late-Renaissance

period of the 16 th century and noted for its sophistication and artificial

style.

1618 event that triggered the destructive Thirty Years’ War. Two

representatives of the Holy Roman Emperor were tossed from a high

window by Bohemian Calvinist officials.