10 - Chemistry unit 2.1-2.4

• minimal deformability

• holds shape

• doesn't flow

• particles are closely packed in fixed positions - fixed shape and volume

• rigid - cannot be squashed, denser than liquids

• no fixed shape or volume

• electrically conductive

• compressible

• low density

• expands to fill space

• will alway diffuse to surroundings

• particles have large spaces in between - no fixed shape or volume

• not rigid

• compressible

• low density

• expands to fill space

• will alway diffuse to surroundings

solid, liquid, gas and plasma

• takes shape of container

• flow speed depends on viscosity

• slightly compressible or expandable

• sometimes diffusible

Chemical makeup, temperature and pressure

1. non-zero numbers are always significant

2. Zeros between non-zero numbers are always significant

3. All final zeros to the right os the decimal place are. significant

4. Zeros that act as placeholder are not significant. Convert quantities to scientific notation to remove the placeholder zeros.

5. Counting numbers and defined constants (the mole) have an infinite number of significant figures.

When electrons are shared unequally

It is an atoms ability to attract a pair of electrons

• opposite poles

• can occur in both covalent bond and ionic bond

• in molecules with dipole, electrons are pulled closer towards one atom than another

• Based on electrostatic charges the particle positive attracts to the partial negative parts

attraction within the same molecule

1. All matter is made up of very small particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.)

2. All particles in a pure substance are the same; different substances are made of different types of particles

3. There is space between all particles

4. Particles are always moving randomly, and if they gain energy, they over faster

5. Particles are attracted to one another and the nature and strength of the forces of attraction depend on the type of particle

• All compounds can experience this

• Weak forces resulting from temporary electron density shifts. Occurs will all types of particles

• Due to the constant kinetic movement of particles, temporary dipoles can occur for a split second

• electron density can “clump” onto one side

• a special type of dipole-dipole forces

• occur between molecules that contain H-O, H-F, or H-N bonds (“F-O-N”)

• bond is stronger than a “normal” dipole-dipole bond

It is the theory of “moving molecules”

Ionic and covalent

Dipole-dipole, hydrogen and dispersion forces (LDF)

attraction between molecules

sublimation

• Condensation

• Deposition

• Freezing

vaporization

• Melting

• Vaporization

• Sublimation

deposition

absorbs energy

freezing

release energy

condensation

melting

If the water is in a closed container, the system will find a balance, and the number of molecules captured backed into the liquid

the pressure exerted on a liquid by it's vapor

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a substance equals atmospheric pressure

the weight of the atmosphere above

the greater the vapor pressure

the liquid at the bottom has lower kinetic energy then more at the top

liquid particles escaping into the gas phase

the ease with which a substance vaporizes

London Dispersion Force

the vapor pressure must be big enough that particles can overcome the atmospheric pressure and lift up the water above and form a bubble

hydrogen bonds