Mammalian Physiology Chapter 2

Oxygen, Carbon, and Hydrogen

Molecules that contain carbon

Organic molecules associated with living organisms

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides

Structural components of genetic material

Adenosine Triphosphate, it carries energy

Cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate) regulate metabolism

Protein molecules combines with another kind of biomolecule

Proteins that combine with lipids

Lipoproteins are found in the cell membranes and in the blood, where they act as carriers for less soluble molecules, such as cholesterol

Molecules to which a carbohydrate has been attached

Proteins combines with carbohydrates

Lipids bound to carbohydrates

Large molecules made up of repeating units

Groups of atoms that tend to move from molecule to molecule as a single unit

The arrangement of electrons in the outer energy level (shell) of an atoms determines an element’s ability to bind w other elements

An atom or molecule that gains or loses one or more electrons, it acquires an electrical charge and becomes an ion

The electrons in certain atoms can capture energy from their environment and transfer it to other atoms

An adjacent atoms sharing two pairs of electrons rather than just one pair, it is represented by a double line (=)

Molecules that develop regions of partial positive and negative charge when one or more atoms in the molecule have a strong attraction for electrons

A molecule whose electrons are distributed so evenly that there are no regions of partial positive or negative charge

Known as electrostatic attractions, result from the attraction between ions with opposite charges

Negatively charged ion, an atom that gains electrons

Positively charged ion, an atom that gives up electrons

A weak attractive force between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.

The attractive force between water molecules that causes water to form spherical droplets when falling or to bead up when spilled onto a nonabsorbent surface

Weak, nonspecific attractions between the nucleus of any atom and the electrons of nearby atoms

The degree to which a molecule is able to dissolve in a solvent, the more easily a molecule dissolves, the higher its solubility.

Molecules that are soluble in water

Molecules such as oils that do not dissolve well in water

The sequence of amino acids in the peptide chain

Spatial arrangement of amino acids in the chain

It’s three-dimensional shape, create through spontaneous folding as the result of covalent bonds and non-covalent interactions.

A mix of alpha-helices, beta-sheets, and amino acid chains that fold back on themselves

Can be beta-strands or long chains of alpha-helices.

The concentration of free H+ in body fluids, or acidity.

Molecule that ionizes and contributes an H+ to a solution

Any substance that moderates changes in pH

Biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reaction.

Proteins in cell membranes help move substances back and forth between the intracellular and extracellular compartments.

Some proteins and smaller peptides act as hormones and other signal molecules

Proteins that bind signal molecules and initiate cellular responses.

Found mostly in the extracellular fluid, bind and transport molecules throughout the body

Extracellular immune proteins, also called antibodies, that help protect the body from foreign invaders and substances.

Regulatory proteins turn cell processes on and off or up and down

Region of an enzyme or transport protein to which the substrate binds.

Any molecule or ion that binds to another molecule

Ligands that bind to enzymes and membrane transporters.

The ability of a protein to bind to a certain ligand or group or related lignads

The active site changes shape to fit either substrate or product molecules

The degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand

For a reaction at equilibrium, the ratio of substrates to products is always the same.

Molecules that combine with a receptor and mimic a response

Related forms of a molecule

An inorganic or nonprotein organic molecule required for activation of protein

One substance opposes the action of another

Reversible antagonists that compete with the customary ligand for the binding site.

Binds to an enzyme away from the binding site and change the shape of the active site and by doing so change the shape of the binding site

Atoms or functional groups bind to proteins and affect their activity

Increase in protein number or binding affinity that increases the response of the target cell

Decrease in protein number or binding affinity that lessens response

All active sites on a given amount of protein are filled with substrate and reaction rate is maximal