Microbiology test 2

Most well-known prokaryotes, divided into many phyla

Gram-negative bacteria, largest phylum, includes E. coli and Salmonella

Distinguished by purple gram staining, large peptidoglycan component

Variety in energy and carbon sources

Varied by temperature, pH, salinity, pressure, and oxygen levels

Bacteria communication to sense population and environment

Differentiation in cells like spore formation for survival

Oxygenic phototrophs, form filaments, have heterocysts

Pathogens causing syphilis and Lyme disease

Respiratory and sexually transmitted intracellular pathogens

Includes protists, fungi, and slime molds

Algae and protozoa with chloroplasts, simple nutritional needs

Non-photosynthetic, crucial for nutrient recycling

Parasitic, require host for replication, contain DNA or RNA

Misfolded proteins causing diseases like mad cow disease

Essential for recycling, food production, and biotechnology

Microorganisms causing or capable of causing disease

Distinguishes bacteria based on cell wall composition

Polymer in cell walls composed of NAG and NAM

Structural layer of bacteria including cell wall and membrane

Major component of Gram-negative outer membrane

Rod-shaped bacteria

Spherical bacteria

Bacteria with a spiral shape

Genus and species naming system for all living organisms

Non-typical phospholipid in the outer membrane

Attached to NAG in the outer membrane

Medium- and long-chain FA (C6, C12, C14, C16, C18)

Composed of LPS layer and inner phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Proteins with a lipid component anchoring the outer membrane to peptidoglycan

Function of outer membrane providing stability

Toxic component often referred to as Lipid A in the outer membrane

Formed by polysaccharides aiding in attachment to surfaces

Filamentous structures aiding in attachment to surfaces

Longer than fimbriae, aiding in attachment, conjugation, and invasion

Special class aiding in attachment and twitching motility

Stores nutrients for survival off excess; carbon, sulfur, magnetic, polyphosphate

Found in planktonic prokaryotes for buoyancy and response to cues

Dormant phase structures formed under unfavorable conditions

Consists of exosporium, spore coat, cortex, and core wall

Include pili and flagella for attachment and motility

Three types: swimming, gliding, twitching, responding to environmental cues

Long, thin appendages for movement and attachment

Anchored in cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall, with different rings in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

Rotates up to 300 rotations/sec, driven by pmf

Differ based on flagellum location and arrangement

Movement without flagella, slower and constant

Responses to physical or chemical stimuli, like chemotaxis and phototaxis

Bacterial cell division process resulting in two identical daughter cells

Time taken for a population to double in number through binary fission/Time for one cell to divide into two identical cells

Cellular constituents increase proportionately during generation time

Cell number doubles over a constant time interval

Cell number plotted on a semilogarithmic scale against time

Cell number plotted against time on a linear graph

Phase where no net increase or decrease in cell population occurs

Stage where more cells die than divide, net decrease in population

Bacteria produce virulence factors based on cell concentration

Device to maintain constant cell population by replenishing nutrients

Counting live cells on a nutrient agar plate to estimate density

Measure turbidity to estimate cell density, quick and inexpensive

Functional unit of genetic information

Genetic material consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid

Ribonucleic acid; expressed from DNA

Formed by complementary strands binding in a double helix

Consists of nucleotides with sugar, base, and phosphate

Formed by phosphodiester bond formation between nucleotides

Messenger RNA carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosome

Transfers RNA converting mRNA information into amino acids

Ribosomal RNA, catalytic and structural components of ribosome

Duplication of DNA double helix

Transfer of information from DNA to mRNA

Synthesis of protein from mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome

The causation agent is the gram-negative cocci bacterium Bordetella pertussis, an infection of the respiratory tract that results in inflammation of the lungs and inability to clear the organism

flagellum at one or both ends of cell

numerous filaments as a tuft

single tuft at opposite ends

flagellum all over the cell

protist, protazoans, fungi, viruse, prions

response to oxygen levels

response to ionic strength

Include algae and protozoa, have chloroplast

Lack cell wall; majority are motile ( flagellum/cilia)