Studied by 15 peopleSaladin
Colombian Exchange
Who: Christopher Columbus, Countries of Spain, Portugal, England, France, and Netherlands primarily
What: The exchange of disease, food, and culture between the Americas and Europe
Where: Europe (Spain, Portugal, England, France, and Netherlands) and Americas (North and South America)
When: Around 1500 AD
Catherine of Aragon
Who: Princess of Spain and Queen of England, Henry VIII’s first wife
What: Henry VIII’s First Wife, she was forcibly divorced from Henry after being unable to produce a son. Mother of Mary Tudor (Mary I/ Bloody Mary). She was a devout Catholic
Where: England
When: Around 1500 AD
The Five Pillars of Islam
Who: Islam founded by Muhammad
What:
Zakat - Charity
Haj - Pilgrimage
Shahada - Declaration of Faith
Salat - Prayer (5 times a day)
Sawm - Fasting
Where: Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, etc.
When: Still ongoing
Henry VIII
Who: The king of England who had 6 wives
What: Plays a significant role in the growth of Protestantism (separates England from the Catholic church)
Where: England
When: Around 1500
Genghis Khan
Who: Leader of the Mongols
What: Led the Mongols in conquering most of Asia (not including China in his lifetime) creating the largest contiguous empire in history. He was tolerant of all faiths and expanded trade systems. He was animist and had no moral obligation to not kill. His army killed everything when offered resistance.
Where: The majority of Asia (The Mongol Empire)
When: Around 1200 AD
Mali
Who: Led by Mansa Musa
What: Absorbs the kingdom of Ghana, becomes Islamic
Where: West Africa (Mali)
When: Around 1300 AD
Feudalism
Who: N/A
What: A political system without a strong central authority. Introduced vassalage (led to modern marriage ceremony). King, Lord, Count, etc.
Where:
When: Around 1000 AD
Cleopatra
Who: Queen of Egypt and lover of Antony
What: Stood by Antony against Augustus, fled via boat during battle, Antony followed and lost the battle, he fell on his sword and she died via Asp bite
Where: Egypt
When: Around 75 BC
Siddhartha Gautama
Who: Prince who became Buddha
What: His father, the king, was told if son sees death, old age, poverty, sickness he’ll become founder of religion, if not he’ll be a great king. He abandons his family for 12 years until he reaches enlightenment. Realizes the 4 Noble Truths.
Where: India
When: Around 500 BC
Simony
Who: Challenged by St. Francis of Assisi
What: The Catholic practice of allowing prestigious people to buy church offices (such as bishop)
Where: The Holy Roman Empire
When: Around 1100 AD
First Crusade
Who: Alexius Comnenus (Requests help), Pope Urban II (Sends help?)
What: Technically the second crusade (after the people’s crusade). This crusade was the most successful of them all. Second and third sons of princes are sent to fight. They take Jerusalem in 1099.
Where: Europe into Jerusalem
When: Around 1095
Byzentine Empire
Who: Led by Constantine
What: Was East Rome, then the Holy Roman Empire, became Constantinople.
Where: East Europe (Rome?)
When: 324 - 1453 AD
Mary I (Tudor/ Bloody Mary)
Who: Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England
What: Catholic Queen of England known for executing protestants. She nearly executed her sister Elizabeth for being protestant. Her greatest wish was to be a mother, she may have died from complications of a phantom pregnancy.
Where: England
When: Around 1500 (1550)
Richard I
Who: King Richard I (aka Richard the Lionheart)
What: The “good” king from Robin Hood. Takes part in the third crusade. He was maybe boyfriends with King Philip of France. He gets kidnapped returning from the crusades, gets shot by a cook, and dies of sepsis.
Where: England, France, and Jerusalem
When: Around 1150
Martin Luther
Who: Catholic Monk who was a major leader in the Protestant Reformation.
What: Proposed 95 theses opposing doctrines of the Catholic church, published writings such as Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Argues that the only sacraments founded on the Bible are Baptism and Communion), Freedom of a Christian (Proposed that Christians are not worthy of salvation but receive salvation through faith), and an address to the Christian nobility of the German kingdoms (a call for the Princes to enforce church reform)
Where: The Holy Roman Empire
When: 1483-1546 AD
The Four Noble Truths
Who: Discovered by Siddhartha Gautama
What: 1. Life is painful
Pain is caused by desire
End your pain by ending desire
To end your desire, follow the eightfold path
Where: India (Part of Buddhism)
When: Still ongoing
Horns of Hattin
Who: Salah al-din (on side of Turks), Unnamed Crusaders
What: A battle in the Second crusade. Salah al-din orders the death of the Crusaders and Hospitallers occupying Jerusalem. He allows non-Catholics to stay, allows Roman Catholic women and children to leave.
Where: Jerusalem
When: Around 1100 AD
Songhai
Who: N/A
What: Kingdom in Africa that rose due to the trans-Saharan trade. Portuguese realize there is gold in the “bite of Africa” It is invaded by the Moroccans, Songhai did not have gunpowder so they were defeated.
Where: West Africa
When: Around 1400 AD, falls in 1590
Manorialism
Who: Charlemagne uses this system
What: A political system in Dark Age Europe. 3 forms of labor - Serfs, Peasants, and Slaves. Serfs are bound to the land they serve. German lords would be given land to build extravagant houses on (a Manor). A Manor will have everything a town needs i.e. a church, blacksmith, communal oven, a grain mill, and cottages for peasants and serfs. Harvests were communal and peasants needed the lord’s permission to cut trees or hunt.
Where: Western Europe (The Holy Roman Empire?)
When: Around 500 AD
Krishna
Who: The Hindu avatar of Vishnu
What: The story of Krishna is in the first half of the Bhagavita. It often appears as a cow and a patron God of love and compassion. Krishna stands for doing your dharma.
Where: India
When: Around 2300 BC
Hinduism
Who: Brahman
What: The 4th largest religion in the world, it is polytheistic. Believes in transmigration of the soul, Karma as a report card of one’s life, and Dharma as ones role in life
Where: India
When: Still ongoing
Caliph
Who: Muhammed, Abu Bakr, Omar, Uthman, and Ali
What: The Islam version of the Pope. The great schism was due to disagreement about if a Caliph must be related to Muhammed or just a faithful muslim man
Where: India
When: Around 632
People’s Crusade
Who: Alexius Comnenus (requested help), Pope Urban II
What: A crusade before the first crusade made up of peasants. Pope Urban encouraged them by declaring that all successful crusaders would be absolved of all sins.
Where: Holy Roman Empire, Eastern Europe
When: Around 1095
Edward IV
Who: The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
What: He was a sickly child and was only king briefly before he died. He was his father’s only son
Where: England
When: Around 1600 AD
Elizabeth I
Who: Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bolyn, Queen of England
What: The arguably best monarch of England, Protestant. She was long reigning (40-50 years). She was known by her attendants for frequently changing her mind. Last of the House of Tudors
Where: England
When: Around 1550-1600 AD
Anne Boleyn
Who: Second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I
What: Henry VIII’s second wife, she was a lady in waiting for Catherine of Aragon and refused to sleep with Henry until they were married (which is why he split from the Catholics). She failed to produce him a son, he accused her of cheating on him, and had her executed without evidence.
Where: England
When: Around 1500 AD
Bhagavad Gita
Who: Hindu faith
What: A Hindu text in two parts. Part one tells the story of Krishna telling to do your dharma. Part two explains how to choose your path (yoga).
Where: India
When: Still happening
St. Francis of Assisi
Who: A Catholic Monk
What: A monk who in a dream was told by God to “Fix my church,” He took an oath of poverty and encouraged others to do so too. He is often depicted preaching to animals in his Saint Portraits. Considered part of the Church Reform movement.
Where: The Holy Roman Empire (Modern Italy)
When: Around 1200 AD
Black Death
Who: N/A
What: Three variants of the plague: Bubonic, Phunomic, and Septicemic. Bubonic from flea bites, Phunomic from coughing (srom spit), and Septicemic from blood
Where: Western Europe, came from Central Asia (possibly from Mongol trade routes)
When: 1347 AD
Zeng He
Who: A Chinese Muslim Eunuch
What: He became admiral of the Chinese fleet. He led on voyages to the Persian Gulf, Swahili, and around South East Asia
Where: China
When: Around 1400
Pope Gregory VII
Who: Pope during the 3rd crusade
What: Announced the 3rd crusade
Where: Eastern Europe and Jerusalem
When: Around 1100
Caste System
Who: Gupta Empire
What: A class system split into 4 (5) parts. Aryans take the top two.
Brahmin - Priests
Ksatrya - Warriors
Vaishyas - Craftsmen
Shudras - Farmers
Untouchables - off the caste, did “dirty” jobs i.e. working with leather, dealing with dea
Where: India
When: 300 AD to now
Vikings
Who: N/A
What: Sailor thieves that stole from monasteries and villages. They were terrifying as they would attack and then leave, murder, enslave, and rape those they would raid. Vikings were good sailors. They used long ships that were like big canoes, and they could use the sun as a navigational tool, telling where they were using the east or west. The Vikings usually did not have a nationality, but they did reside in certain places like Russia, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden.
Where: Northern Europe
When: 800-1100
Battle of Hastings
Who: Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror
What: William arrived at the south shore but did not take any land until Godwinson arrived. Godwinson’s army took the hill, but was lured down the hill by a false retreat, evening the battle field. Godwinson was shot with an arrow and died, leaving William as the ruler.
Where: The English Isle (Now England)
When: Around 1066
Mansa Musa
Who: 4th king of Mali, one of the richest men to have ever lived
What: Rich king who disrupted the economy of Egypt by spending so much gold. He also founded and funded the University of Timbuktu
Where: Africa – Mali to Egypt
When: Around 1600 AD
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