Nutrition 2000 Exam 3

amino acids

-carbon atom with amine group and acid group attached

-disitive chemical side chain attached to the center carbon of the backbone

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine

nonessential amino acid can become an essential amino acid

tyrosine, cysteine, proline, arginine, glutamine

phenylalanine, methionine, serine, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, ammonia

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

quaternary structure

instead on glutamic in the sequence it is replaced with valine

secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

dipeptides, tripeptides, and amino acids

-regulation of gene expression

-provide structure and movement

-building enzymes

-building hormones

-neurotransmitters

-building antibodies

-transporting substances

-maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

-maintaining acid-base balance

-provide energy and glucose

-occurs in the cytoplasm

-transcription (DNA→mRNA)

-translation (mRNA to ribosomes)

process of breakdown, recovery, and synthesis

no more than 35% of diet

-0.8g/kg

-body removes and excretes amine groups

-uses the residues in three ways: meet immediate energy needs, make glucose for storage as glycogen, and make fat for energy storage

nitrogen-in exceeds nitrogen out

ex. growing child or pregnant women

nitrogen-out exceeds nitrogen-in

ex. muscle breakdown due to injury

wasting, emaciation

-chronic insufficiency of energy and protein

-adequate energy with insufficient protein

-edema due to loss of blood protein

less than 18.5

25-29.9

30-39.9

over 40

first to die during a siege or famine, hospital stays, wasting disease, cancer

hormones released by adipose tissue; helps regulate the inflammatory processes and energy metabolism in the tissues

heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, liver and gallbladder disease

visceral is stored within the central abdominal cavity

subcutaneous is fat between the skin

indicator of health risk from obesity or underweight

obesity-related illnesses, chronic diseases, risk from extreme obesity equals the risk of death from smoking, inflammation

sum total of all involuntary activities necessary to sustain life, excluding digestion

skin fold test, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, or waist circumference

Ghrelin which is secreted in the stomach

leptin; an adipokine hormone

-protein has the greatest satiating effect during meal

-carbohydrates provide slowly digestible carbohydrate and soluble fiber, also contribute to satiation and satiety

-fat famous for triggering a hormone that contributes to long-term satiety, goes almost unnoticed by the appetite control system

-”go”: mechanisms that stimulate eating

-”stop”: mechanisms that supress eating

hunger-stimulating hormone

opposes weight loss

regulates frequency of meals

an adipokine hormone

-carbs→glucose→liver & muscle glycogen & body fat

-fat→fatty acids→body fat

-protein→amino acids→body fat & nitrogen lost in urine

-liver & muscle glycogen→glucose→energy

-body fat→fatty acids→energy

-body protein→amino acids→glucose, nitrogen, ketone bodies→energy

-body fat→fatty acids→ketone bodies→energy

-gradual weight loss is preferred

-fasting

-ketosis

-protein breakdown

-fat broken down to glycerol and fatty acids

-carbohydrate broken down to sugars

-alcohol used for fuel or converted to fat for storage

-intense fear of body fatness or of weight gain or strive to prevent weight gain although underweight

-cessation of menstruation, mood swings, depression, physical exhaustion, and sleep deprivation

-self starvation

-binge eating and purging or vomiting

-false perceptions of body weight or shape

-fluid electrolyte imbalances, infections, adversely affects dental health

80% of the stomach is removed, leaving a tube-like structure; this greatly reduces the stomach’s capacity and its output of ghrelin

surgeon constructs a small stomach pouch and creates an outlet directly to the lower small intestine

surgeon uses a gastric band to reduce the opening from the esophagus to the stomach. the size of the opening can be adjusted by inflating or deflating the band through a port located just under the skin.

1. Heart disease

2. Cancer

a stationary clot: tissue death caused is called thrombosis

a clot broken loose

clot remains stuck in a narrow artery

an artery is blocked, it may swell and burst

-increasing age

-male gender

-family history

-High blood LDL cholesterol

-Low blood HDL cholesterol

-High blood triglyceride levels

-High Blood pressure

-diabetes

-atherosclerosis

-impaired kidney, eye, and nerve function

Cancer

Particles of LDL cholesterol become trapped in the blood vessel walls, and these become oxidized by abundant free radicals produced during inflammation.

-plaque development

-blood clot formation

-hypertension

tumor overwhelms the healthy tissue in which it developed or exports its cells through the bloodstream to other parts of the body to initiate other tumors

any three or more of the:

-high fasting blood glucose

-hypertension

-Central obesity

-low blood high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

-High blood triglycerides

causes hypertension

damage to the cells lining the arteries

-intense hunger

-frequent urination

-intense thirst