Biology I - Unit 12 Review

what foods are a lot of the vitamins and minerals we need found in?

which vegetables have the most vitamins and minerals?

what does vitamins A, D, E, and K contain?

what does vitamins B and C contain?

what does calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium contain?

what does iron and iodine contain?

what does sodium and potassium contain?

night vision; blindness

helps strengthen bones; sunlight

antioxidant that helps fight cancer

helps blood clot normally; hemorrhaging

protects body against infection; citrus fruits, orange juice, strawberries; scurvy (spots on the skin and bleeding gums)

milk, milk and dairy products, dark green leafy vegetables; osteoporosis

osteoporosis

helps build bones

helps carry oxygen to the blood; component of hemoglobin; anemia

iodized salt; goiter (swelling of the thyroid gland in the neck)

muscle cramps

irregular heart beat; muscle cramps

fuel for your body

most of the large molecules in the living things are polymers called…; carbs, fat, protein

organic compounds contain ___

polymers are long chains of smaller molecular units called ___

4 types of macromolecules:

carbohydrates function to provide… and… energy

carbohydrates are composed of…

most names for sugars end in…

example of a typical carbohydrate:

what is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

why are carbohydrates important?

what are some examples of carbohydrate food sources?

lipids are composed largely of… and…

what are some examples of lipids?

___ are lipids whose main function is long term energy storage

breakdown of lipids =

contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, PLUS nitrogen and sometimes sulfur

the monomers of protein are called ___ ___

cannot be made by the body and requires a food source

made by the body

macromolecules made of long, repeating chains

long, repeating chains

a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins

nucleic acids function in the storage and transmission of… and are therefore important in growth and development, as well as repair and reproduction

nucleic acids are found in…

the act of taking food and drink into the body by the mouth

the process of breaking down food into individual molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall

the process of moving nutrients from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the bloodstream

the process of moving absorbed nutrients throughout the body through the circulatory and lymph systems

the ___ of undigested and unabsorbed food through the feces

gastro =

a 23-foot-long muscular tube comprised of the organs of the digestive tract

extends from the… through the…, …, and …, to the …

a ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the opening of the stomach

dissolves small food particles

it contains the enzyme…, which begins to break down…

two types of digestion - … and … occur in the mouth

teeth break down food into small pieces. tongue mixes food with saliva and amylase, which helps break down carbohydrates

during digestion, large particles need to be broken down chemically by …

enzymes are biological… and they … … chemical reactions in the body

digestive enzymes speed up the breaking down process by holding the substrate (the large particle to be broken down) … …

… ending = enzyme

the flap which covers the trachea so food and water does not enter the windpipe

food is moved through your body by rhythmic contraction/waves of the GI tract. this is called… this process squeezes food through the GI

food entering the stomach is now called …, which is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing

muscular bag that stores the food you eat, and breaks it down even further into tiny pieces. the digestive process in the stomach alone can last 5 hours

here, food is mixed with … … that contain enzymes to break down …

… … is released 1st, about an hour later it activates the enzyme …, which then helps digestion by breaking the bonds linking amino acids which make up proteins

the only macromolecule pepsin chemically breaks down in the stomach

food in the stomach right before it enters the small intestine is now called …

pH - the stomach is very … until … … …

… has to be neutralized before it moves to the small intestine because the small intestine can’t handle the low pH

the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum

the majority of … … … … occurs in the small intestine

moving the small intestine contains 3 sections:

the small intestine requires 3 enzymes to complete chemical digestion in the small intestine. all 3 are produced and released by the …, so we call them pancreatic

___ → starch/carbs → glucose

___ → proteins → amino acids

___ → lipids/fats → 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

increase intestinal absorptive surface area approximately 30-fold providing especially efficient absorption of nutrients in the lumen (surface area of the small intestine)

1st part of the large intestine is called the → ___ colon including the cecum and appendix

2nd part (top) of the large intestine is called the → ___ colon including the cecum and appendix

3rd part of the large intestine is called the → ___ colon

site of ___ absorption

too little water reabsorption performed by the large intestine results in ___

too much water reabsorption performed by the large intestine results in ___

stores waste before it is released from the body

relaxes to release waste from the body

food ____________ these organs, however, they play a major role in the digestive process

what are the three digestive accessory organs?

• manufactures bile that are used to digest fats/lipids

• is the site of alcohol and drug metabolism (gets broken down)

• removes toxins

• produces cholesterol

• overall job is to filter your blood

• receives bile from the liver

• releases bile into the small intestine

• endocrine function - releases hormones to maintain blood glucose levels

  • regulates blood glucose

• exocrine function - secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

  • such as amylase, protease, and lipase

• removal of metabolic waste

• removal of excess heat and water

what are the main excretory organs that are involved?

changes harmful substances into inactive or less poisonous substances

proteins are broken down into … …

what is the formation of urea in liver?

what are the major metabolic wastes?

what is the urinary system pathway?

what are the 2 main functions of the kidneys?