TOP PRELIM EXAM

Is the study of kokoro which in the aforementioned language means "mind" or "spirit”.

The Kokology book series was created by __ and ___, a professor at Rissho and Waseda Universities in Japan

A principle or body of interrelated principles that purports to explain or predict a number of interrelated phenomena.

Construct; model.

A model of reality that helps us to understand, explain, predict, and control that reality

Ability to stimulate and guide further research.

(through descriptive research & hypothesis testing)

Can be contradicted by observation

Must be capable of integrating what is currently known about human behavior and personality development. It must be able to shape as many bits of information as possible into a meaningful arrangement.

Ability to guide the practitioner over the rough course of day-to-day problems

A good theory will use concepts and terms that have been clearly and operationally defined.

is a guiding principle that suggests that all things being equal, you should prefer the simplest possible explanation for a phenomenon or the simplest possible solution to a problem

Refer to others who have been strongly influenced by Freud

These theorists tend to believe that the answers to the important questions lie somewhere behind the surface, hidden, in the unconscious.

Answers are felt to lie in careful observation of behavior and environment and their relations.

Behaviorists, as well as their modern descendants the cognitivist, prefer quantitative and experimental methods.

Most recent

The common belief is that the answers are to be found in consciousness or experience

Phenomenological methods are preferred by most humanists

Is what makes a person different or unique from other people.

Is the enduring characteristics and behavior that comprise a person's unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns.

Study how an individual develops their personality

Address whether personality is a biological trait or one that is developed through a person's interaction with their environment.

Address the origins of personality as well as the traits that define a personality.

Look to understand why people develop different character traits and respond to external and internal stimuli differently.

includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality.

original psychodynamic theory

It is a type of therapy that aims to release pent-up or repressed emotions and memories in or to lead the client to catharsis, or healing (McLeod, 2014). In other words, the goal of psychoanalysis is to bring what exists at the unconscious or subconscious level up to consciousness

levels of mental life

It is the reservoir of feelings, thoughts, and urges. Most of the contents of this level are unpleasant (such as anxiety or trauma). According to Freud, the ___ influences our behavior, even though we are not aware of it.

Contains elements that are not conscious but can become unconscious, either readily or with some difficulty

Includes everything of our awareness. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally.

provinces of the mind

The __ is the only component of personality that is present from birth.

The __ is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state of anxiety or tension.

The ___ emerges later during childhood and is the part of the personality that reigns in the id and makes it conform to the demands of reality. Rather than simply acting out on urges, the ego forces us to deal with these desires in ways that are more realistic

Finally, the ___ is the component of personality that is made up of all the morals, rules, standards, and values that we have internalized from our parents and culture. This part of personality strives to make us behave in ways that are moral.

It derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child.

demand to take care of needs immediately

take care of a need as soon as an appropriate  object is found

internalization of punishments and warnings

rewards and positive models

as a major driving force in human nature.

means procreation, to bring about life

death instinct

According to Freud, ___ is an unpleasant inner state people seek to avoid. ___ acts as a signal to the ego that things are not going the way they should. As a result, the ego then employs some defense mechanism to help reduce these feelings of ___

The Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Acting to keep certain emotions to a point of unawareness.

Pushing distressing thoughts or memories into the unconscious mind.

what kind of defense mechanism is present:

when someone's parents are getting divorced and they don’t show what they really feel about what is happening in their life

When a person is acting way beyond denial but to a point of when they act differently then what they feel.

Expressing the opposite of one's true feelings or impulses.

what kind of defense mechanism is present:

when a person inwardly feels unhappy, but they always act happy in front of others

Shifting of sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person. 

Redirecting one's emotions or impulses from an unacceptable target to a more acceptable one.

what kind of defense mechanism is present: a boy is mad at his dad, and is using the anger that he has with his dad to fight against a less strong and timid boy.

Permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier, more primitive stage of development

Getting stuck at a particular stage of psychological development.

what kind of defense mechanism is present:

An adult who displays childlike behaviors and is unable to take on adult responsibilities may be fixated at the oral stage of development.

Is the return of a person’s behavior to a previous stage of life when faced with an unwanted feeling

According to Sigmund Freud, ___ is an unconscious defense mechanism, which causes the temporary or long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development.

___ functions as a form of retreat, enabling a person to psychologically go back in time to a period when the person felt safer.

Reverting to an earlier, less mature stage of behavior when faced with stress or anxiety.

what kind of defense mechanism is present: a boy is feeling anxious and jealous of the attention his sister is getting, so he starts wetting the bed again

what kind of defense mechanism is present: Raj grows up to be a typical 20-year-old who wishes to study abroad. He makes it to his desired college and begins a new life in a new apartment with new people to reside with. However, he finds it difficult to sleep at night and soon shoots off an email to his parents requesting to send his childhood Teddy. Highly amused by this request, his parents choose to comply. Raj starts sleeping well cuddling with his Teddy

Where a person projects an unwanted feeling onto another person.

The process of displacing one’s feelings onto a different person, animal, or object. The term is most commonly used to describe defensive projection—attributing one’s own unacceptable urges to another.

Unconscious discomfort can lead people to attribute unacceptable feelings or impulses to someone else to avoid confronting them.

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.

what kind of defense mechanism is present:

A married man who is attracted to a female coworker, but rather than admit this to himself, he might accuse her of flirting with him. Another would be a woman wrestling with the urge to steal, who comes to believe that her neighbors are trying to break into her home

what kind of defense mechanism is present:

your brother is projecting his resentment at being lazy onto your younger sister. (even though he really is the one being lazy)

Taking in and “swallowing” the values and standard of others

Internalizing the beliefs or values of others, often authority figures.

occurs when a person internalizes the ideas or voices of other people.

the internalization of the parent figures and their values; leads to the superego.

what kind of defense mechanism is present: “Ang totoong lalaki ay hindi umiiyak”

A child who adopts the moral values of their parents without question

It takes place when we express our feelings, stress, or anger in an activity.

Sigmund Freud believed that energy was derived from the desires of the id, particularly sexual urges, being transformed into thoughts and activities that were socially valued.

expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable way

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses or energies into socially acceptable activities

what kind of defense mechanism is present:

dancers express their feelings through dancing, which helps relieve stress

Apparently logical reasons are given to justify unacceptable behavior that is motivated by unconscious instinctual impulses. These are used to defend against feelings of guilt, maintain self-respect, and protect oneself from criticism.

Freud assumed that infants possess a sexual life and go through a period of pregenital sexual development during the first 4 or 5 years after birth

a persistent focus of the id’s pleasure-seeking energies at an early stage of psychosexual development. Oral, anal, and phallic fixations occur when an issue or conflict in a psychosexual stage remains unresolved, leaving the individual focused on this stage and unable to move onto the next

Infants obtain life-sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity, but beyond that, they also gain pleasure through the act of sucking.

birth to about 18 months.

frustrated in your need to suckle because of early weaning, etc.

tends to be rather dependent on others. They often retain an interest in "oral gratifications" such as eating, drinking, and smoking. It is as if they were seeking the pleasures they missed in infancy.

frustrated in your need to bite the mother’s nipple.

These people retain a life-long desire to bite on things, such as pencils, gum, and other people. They have a tendency to be verbally aggressive, argumentative, sarcastic, and so on

Children get a lot of pleasure from both withholding and releasing their feces at will.

18 months to three or four years old

being disorganized, messy, careless, rebellious, and sometimes cruel.

will tend to be especially clean, perfectionistic, dictatorial, very stubborn, and stingy

Children begins to discover the differences between males and females.

Castration anxiety

Penis envy

son develops an attraction to his mother

Daughter develops an attraction to his father

Freud described the period from age 6 to puberty as the ___ in which the id is suppressed by the ego. He characterized this stage as a child who becomes involved in the community, adopts values, develops social skills, and forms relationships with people outside of immediate family.

Freud believed that it was possible for children to become fixated or "stuck" in this phase. Fixation at this stage can result in immaturity and an inability to form fulfilling relationships as an adult.

It is the final stage in Freud’s theory of Psychosexul Development and begins in puberty.

During this stage, the teenager has overcome latency, made associations with one gender or the other, and now seeks out pleasure through sexual contact with others

what are freud’s therapeutic techniques

___ is a practice in psychoanalytic therapy, in which a patient talks of whatever comes into their mind. This technique involves a therapist giving a word or idea, and the patient immediately responds with the first word that comes to mind. 

It is hoped that fragments of repressed memories will emerge in the course of free association, giving an insight into the unconscious mind.

First described by Sigmund Freud, is a phenomenon in which an individual redirect emotions and feelings, often unconsciously, from one person to another.

Psychologists argue that ___ occurs in everyday life, even if it is more closely examined in certain forms of therapy.

In the self-organization theory of dreaming, neuronal signals (as distinct elements of dreams) are combined into a relatively continuous narrative during sleep through the combination of discontinuous and incongruous neuronal signals (Kahn and Hobson, 1993; Kahn et al., 2000, 2002)

There are also some universal symbols found in dreams that Freud suggested could be interpreted. Among the symbols that Freud believed to be found in dreams are the body of a person, parents, children, siblings, and birth and death.

A verbal or memory mistake linked to the unconscious mind. Also known as parapraxis, these slips supposedly reveal secret thoughts and feelings that people hold.

Typical examples include an individual calling their spouse by an ex's name, saying the wrong word, or even misinterpreting a written or spoken word.

types of fruedian slips

This type of Freudian slip happens when repressed memories make their way into conscious awareness.

Other misstatements happen simply because you are distracted, forgetful, or not thinking clearly. You might mix up facts or misremember details that lead to verbal errors.

The things you've intentionally repressed because you don't want to deal with them.

Born: July 26, 1875 - Died: June 6, 1961

Raised in Kesswil, Switzerland

Had a great interest in language and ancient literature.

He studied medicine at University of Basel where he settled on psychiatry as his career and worked with the famous neurologist-Krafft Ebing

three parts of the psyche

conscious mind

includes anything which is not presently conscious, but can be.

psychic inheritance

includes those elements that we have never experienced individually but which have come down to us from our ancestors; 

the reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with. And yet we can never be directly conscious of it. 

It influences all of our experiences and behaviors

universal, primal symbols and images that derive from the collective unconscious

an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way.

symbolize basic human motivations, values, and personalities.

the four major jungian archetypes

how we present ourselves to the world.

from a Latin word that literally means "mask."

represents all of the different social masks that we wear among various groups and situations.

acts to shield the ego from negative images

consists of the sex and life instincts

exists as part of the unconscious mind and is composed of repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings.

forms out of our attempts to adapt to cultural norms and expectations

contains all of the things that are unacceptable not only to society, but also to one's own personal morals and values which might include things such as envy, greed, prejudice, hate, and aggression.

represents the "true self" rather than the image we present to others and serves as the primary source of communication with the collective unconscious.

is a feminine image in the male psyche

is a male image in the female psyche

The combined anima and animus is known as the ____ or the divine couple. The syzygy represents completion, unification, and wholeness.

represents the unified unconsciousness and consciousness of an individual

Creating the self occurs through a process known as individuation, in which the various aspects of personality are integrated

disharmony between the unconscious and the conscious mind could lead to psychological problems (Ex. Cognitive Dissonance). Bringing these conflicts into awareness and accommodating them in conscious awareness was an important part of the individuation process.

four cardinal orientation

according to the cardinal orientation, the ___ leave a Mark on the World

according to the cardinal orientation, the __ provide structure to the world

according to the cardinal orientation, the ___ connects to others

according to the cardinal orientation, the ___ yearn for paradise

prefer to engage with the outside world of objects, sensory perception, and action

are more focused on the internal world of reflection, are thoughtful and insightful

four psychological function

evaluating  information or ideas rationally, logically; rational function