unit 7 part 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

the process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

the process of retaining encoded information over time.

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten.

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is episodic memory).

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory).

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories—of facts and events—for storage.

the neural storage of a long-term memory.

a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or

bad mood

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect)

items in a list.

an inability to form new memories.

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past.

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old

information.

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from

consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially

altered before being stored again.

occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event.

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

if you fail your quiz