Biology Keywords to learn- Unit 3

Factors that affect a population's growth rate based on size and density, such as competition for resources, predation, and disease.

Environmental factors that affect the population size of a species regardless of the population density, such as natural disasters, climate change, and habitat destruction.

Converts one form of energy into another eg. a chloroplast in photosynthesis.

Returns to photosystem two again

RuBP, GP and TP

The production of chlorophyll, Without sufficient nitrogen, plants may exhibit stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and reduced yield.

It is also involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll, the green pigment that gives plants their colour and helps them absorb light. It is required for the activation of many enzymes. Plants will appear wilted with brown or black spots.

It helps in the formation of DNA and RNA, and the activation of enzymes. A deficiency of phosphorous can lead to stunted growth and brown edges on the leaves.

It helps in the formation of cell walls and the transport of other nutrients within the plant. Calcium deficiency can lead to stunted growth, poor fruit quality, and increased susceptibility to diseases. The leaves will be very small and even dark green in colour.

This refers to the amount of energy produced when glucose is broken down into pyruvate.

Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, which are then converted into acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Lipids are a major source of energy during prolonged exercise or fasting. However glucose is a quicker substrate.

Amino acids can be converted into pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, or other intermediates of the citric acid cycle to be used as a source of energy in respiration.

Viable cell count is a method used to determine the number of live cells in a given sample.

Simple quantitative treatment in populations refers to the use of basic statistical methods to analyze and interpret data related to a population, such as calculating measures of central tendency and variability, conducting hypothesis tests, and estimating confidence intervals.

A trophic level is a position in the food chain of an ecosystem, occupied by a group of organisms that have a similar feeding mode.

Net production in a food chain is the amount of energy that is available to the next trophic level after the energy lost due to respiration and other metabolic processes.

A pyramid of biomass is a graphical representation of the total amount of living matter at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

Sere is the stage of ecological succession where the community of plants and animals has reached a stable state and is no longer changing significantly over time.

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals that a particular environment can sustainably support over a long period of time.

A climax community is a stable and self-sustaining community of plants and animals that has reached a state of equilibrium with its environment. It is the final stage of ecological succession and is characterized by a diverse range of species that are well adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions.

The different stages of the carbon cycle are photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion, and sedimentation.

The sensory neurone.

The motor neurone.

A nerve net.

Cuboidal epithelial cells with a brush border (microvilli) to increase surface area. (brush border). Tight junctions allow high capacity fluid reabsorption. Basal channels increase surface area. Many mitochondria for ATP production for active transport. Capillaries in close contact. Large amount of RER and golgi bodies for protein production.

• Heat fix a smear of bacteria

• Stain using crystal violet stain

• Fix the stain with iodine

• Decolourise with alcohol

• Counterstain with safranin.

In the gut, glucose and sodium are transported together. Glucose is diffused and sodium is actively transported however they arrive at the cotransport protein embedded in the membrane together.

Describes an individual stage in succession.

Ascending due to the increased pressure required to push upwards. It is also impermeable to water.

Temperature, if it is myelinated or not and the diameter of the axon.

Fatty acids into the Krebs cycle as they are converted into acetyl-coenzyme A. Glycerol into glycolysis as one of the intermediates.

Amino acids can enter in glycolysis. they can be deaminated and be converted to pyruvate or they can be converted into one of the intermediates in the Krebs cycle.

Mitochondria= Inner membrane and matrix.

Chloroplasts= Thylakoid membrane and stroma.

A framework to describe limits to the impacts of human activities on Earth. Beyond these the earth may not be able to self regulate anymore. The earth would leave holocene.

1. Climate Change 2) Ocean acidification 3) Ozone depletion 4) C02 emissions 5) Global freshwater use 6) Land system change eg. ice-caps melting 7) Erosion of biosphere integrity eg. species extinction 8) chemical pollution 9) atmospheric aerosol loading

Rhizobium + Azotobacter

Nitrosomonas + Nitrobacter

Pseudomonas + Thiobacillus

Non-living part of an ecosystem eg. light, water, temperature and ocean currents.

A living thing that shapes its environment or other living things eg. predation, competition, pollination.

Afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent creating pressure. Podocytes form a filtration barrier and support the structure of the glomerulus. They have projections which form the barrier. Filtration slits in the capillaries. A basement membrane doesn’t allow proteins in.

3 ATP

2 ATP

38 ATP

If the contain carbon

• Releases energy in small amounts so none is wasted.

• Small, soluble and easily transported.

• Only 1 bond broken to release energy so this is immediate.

• Can transfer energy to other molecules through phosphate groups.

• Cannot pass out of cell, so supply of energy is always there.

To do with the affinity for oxygen and which species have their haemoglobin adapted to have a higher affinity based on environment. Higher affinity is on the LEFT of the graph.

PolyChloriated Biphenyls

Deforestation, removing hedges, chemical pollution, Alien species (outcompete, disease), monoculture, building houses/factories and unsustainable farming eg. overfishing/farming

SSSI’s, CITES (restriction of ivory trade by the government), banning whaling and poaching, legislation to prevent overfishing, breeding programmes in zoos, sperm banks and seed stores, pollution control and species reintroduction programmes.

To ensure a species can survive any changes to its environment by adapting. Some alleles may be useful to humans eg. plants having medicinal uses and captive breeding programmes have a responsibility to maintain genetic diversity.

Caused by fertilisers running into waterways.

A process where soil becomes infertile and unable to support any life, generally accompanied by soil impaction and drying.

It describes physical and biological measurements that are made over a period of time

Physical measurements might include pH, drainage or water flow.

General primary productivity. The amount of energy that is in one trophic level

Net primary productivity. The GPP-R to find out how much energy is transferred to the next trophic level.

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

mitochondrial matrix

Mitochondrial matrix

Mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)

No. It can happen aerobically and anaerobically

The same thing as fossilisation. Forming rocks from small pieces of sand or stone which have been left behind by water, wind or ice. This is how fossil fuels are created.