S2 Final - World History Keller

Coal

Openness to science - science was not restricted by the government or church in Britain, like it was in other European countries.

He designed an efficient steam engine. Same amount of power as the Newcomen steam engine but 1/4 of the fuel.

They worked in factories instead of their homes.

That wealth is finite, like a pie.

To protect private traders.

Britain was committed to free trade, most commercial monopolies were abolished, merchants were free to invest money and take profit as they wanted - in France the government fiercely held on to its monopolies. As a result, entrepreneurship was suffocated.

The exploitation and suffering of millions of slaves. Many lasted no more than three years. During the 18th century just under 2.5 million slaves were transported by the British across the Atlantic.

Sugar Cane

Much of the profits became capital which was invested in the development of Britain’s industries.

Increased the movement of goods and ideas around the country.

1/4

Resources, markets, manpower, prestige

A small island like Britain could not find the manpower itself to hold on to this vast new territory.

They paid local soldiers to fight them.

They allowed Indian princes to rule just as before, as long as they paid money to Britain.

They tore it up. They stripped the maharajah’s of their power but let them keep their palaces.

It was the lifeline of the empire and dramatically cut sailing time to India as most of the ships sailing through it were British. The ships took tea, cotton, and jute to Britain. Troops could be sent back to India to quell another mutiny.

A cluster of fishing villages.

Busiest, richest, trading posts in the world.

Tea

For three centuries, China had restricted trade with the West.

Opium

The Opium Wars

The British ship was an ocean going steam driven iron warship, modern ship v.s ancient Chinese ships.

Open five ports to trade with the British.

Returned to Chinese control.

• The first war to be declared as a “world” war.

• It lasted for four years from 1914-1918

• It involved more than 30 countries from 6 continents

• 16 million deaths

Countries building massive armies and navies

The idea that people of the same ethnic group should live in the same country

When a country acquires land and colonies to build an empire

When two or more countries agree to defend each other

Slavs, Germans, Hungarians

Give Slavic people an equal role with Germans and Hungarians

• Slavs wanted their own country

• Germans and Hungarians did not want to share power

Serbia wanted the Austro-Hungarian provinces, Bosnia and Herzegovina )where Slavic people lived), to be part of Serbia (a Slavic country)

Ferdinand and Sophie were shot and killed by a Serbian terrorist while in the city Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. The terrorist was Gavrilo Princip, a member of a terrorist group called the Black Hand. The Black Hand had the support of high-level members of the Serbian government.

1. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife triggered WW1

2. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

3. Russia mobilized troops to aid Serbia (both are Slavic countries)

4. Germany declared war on Russia (to help Austria-Hungary)

5. France declared war on Germany (to help Russia)

6. Germany attacked France through neutral Belgium

7. Great Britain declared war on Germany (to help France and Belgium)

8. Japan Declared war on Germany (To help Great Britain)

Secret Treaties

German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire

British Empire, France, Russian Empire (Italy switches sides and joins the Allied Powers after being promised help getting territory)

Avoid fighting a war on two fronts, attack and defeat France first, then attack Russia

Russia mobilized its army faster than German expected.

Germany must now fight on two fronts: The Eastern front against Russia and the Western front against France.

Germany sent troops from the west to help fight against Russia in the east. This weakened their army in the west. Germany invaded neutral Belgium on their way to France. The Allies (France and Belgium) stopped the German advance in northern and eastern France.

Both sides dug trenches (from Switzerland to the English Channel) and they stayed there for nearly four years.

In contrast to the Western Front, the Eastern Front moved a great distance, with most of the fighting taking place on Russian soil. The war was a disaster for Russia, resulting in the collapse of the czarist government. Russia was technologically behind the other powerful countries in Europe.

1. Great Britain set up a naval blockade along the German coast to stop contraband (weapons and other military goods) from getting into Germany. They later extended this to include foodstuffs and cotton.

2. Great Britain extended the blockade to neutral ports. Countries such as Denmark, Norway and Sweden made neutral ships got to British port for examination. Against international law of freedom of the seas.

3. Germany set up a counter blockade with U-boats (submarines) against Great Britain. Germany declared it will sink all ships trying to get to Great Britain.

4. Great Britain declared a counter blockade. No chemical fertilizer allowed into Germany.

5. German farmers can’t grow enough food. 750,000 Germans starved to death.

Machine Gun, Tank - used by British, Airplane - WW1 flying Aces (Manfred Richthofen the Red Baron shot down 80 allied planes. Chemical Weapons - mustard gas (poison gas)

became the world’s first communist country.

did not want to fight on two fronts.

• became the leader of Russia after the 1917 Revolution

• signed a treaty with Germany pulling Russian troops out of WW1

to stay neutral.

“He kept Us Out of War.”

A German U-Boat sank the British passenger ship Lusitania without warning, breaking international law.

Germany promise to stop unrestricted submarine warfare but would resume it if the U.S couldn’t get Britain to end the “hunger blockade” against Germany.

Germany proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany. If war broke out between Germany and America, they promised to help Mexico recover “the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.”

the United States to enter World War 1. Germany sank four unnamed American merchant ships.

1. Laid down a 230 mile barrier of mines from Scotland to Norway to keep the U-boats out of the Atlantic ocean.

2. Used convoys (large groups) surrounded by military ships to get merchant ships across the Atlantic. Cut number of ships lost in half.

General “Black Jack” perishing was the American commander. He convinced the Allies that American troops should fight as a separate army.

The Germans realize they can’t win because America will be sending more soldiers. Kaiser Wilhelm (the leader of Germany) abdicates his throne and flees to the Netherlands in November 1918.

• open diplomacy (no secret treaties)

• Freedom of the Seas

• Free Trade

• Reduce size of armies and navies

• Treat colonies fairly

tried to promote world peace. The member would protect any nation that was attacked by another

Germany.

Germany and destroyed its economy.

Britain and France

Wilson tried to sell his idea of the Fourteen Points, but people were not interested. The Senate rejected Wilson’s idea of a League of Nations. Many senators believed America should isolate itself from Europe’s problems. These people were called: isolationists.

“The war to end all wars”

“Making the world safe for democracy”

(The tragic legacy of WW1 is that it made the opposite of both of these statements come true.)

A worldwide economic depression: “The Great Depression”

The rise of the most brutal government the world has ever seen

The most destructive war in the history of the world: WW2

1. It destroyed German economy. Germany had to pay for the full cost of the war called reparations ($6,600,000,000)

2. Germany was no longer an empire. Germany lost all of its colonies in Africa

3. Germany lost land and was divided. Other countries took German land. Newley created Polish Corridor separated eastern pat of Germany from the rest of Germany.

4. The German military was virtually eliminated. Army only had 100,000 soldiers, no Air Force, only 6 Naval ships, and Conscription was banned.

5. The German military was not free to move within Germany. The western part of Germany (Rhineland) was demilitarized. No soldiers, military equipment or buildings were allowed within 30 miles of the east bank of the Rhine River. Allied troops were stationed in the Rhineland for 15 years.

6. It humiliated the German people. Germany was made to accept all the blame for WW1

He was the Nazi dictator who ruled Germany during World War 2

He was a military general who became the Premier or Japan. He ordered Japanese forces to attack Pearl Harbor

He was the Emperor of Japan and was worshiped as a god by the people.

He was the exiled leader of the French resistance.

He was the communist dictator who rules the Soviet Union during WW2. He formed an alliance with the United States and Great Britain.

He was President when Pearl Harbor was bombed. He asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan.

He overthrew the democratic government in Spain, before WW2, with the help of Hitler and Mussolini. He stayed neutral during WW2.

He was the Fascist dictator who rules Italy during WW2

He was the British prime minister who tried to prevent war by making a deal with Hitler.

He was the British Prime minister who the people chose to lead the fight agaisnt Hitler. Time magazine named him: “Leader of the Century”

He became President when F.D.R died. He made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Give Hitler what he wants in the hope of preventing war, practiced by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, made the statement “peace in our time” after making the Munich Pact with Hitler which gave the Sudetenland to Hitler.

American foreign policy between the world wars, don’t get involved in Europe’s problems allowed Hitler to become strong because he wasn’t stopped.

Hitler rebuilt the German military and occupied the Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles

Austria, with no resistance

took the rest of Czechoslovakia showing appeasement to be a foolish policy.

World War 2 began

The Soviet Union (20 Million)

United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union

Germany, Italy, Japan

Japan could keep their emperor (Hirohito) but only as a figurehead - no power

Japan was demilitarized and a new constitution was written

Japan became a democracy

War crime trials were held to bring those who had committed crimes against humanity to justice - They were held in Nuremberg (Germany), Tokyo (Japan, and Italy.

When the war ended, and the Japanese themselves had been forced out, many Southeast Asians refused to live again under European rule. They called for and won their independence, and a series of new nations emerged.

Apartheid in South Africa was a racial segregation system in South Africa, which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically through minoritarianism by the nation's dominant minority white population.

A South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa, and the first black head of state.

Mandela was fighting against apartheid, but he was also fighting for something: a better world, in which the freedom, justice and dignity of all were respected.

The Cold War originated in the breakdown of relations between the two main victors in World War II: United States and the Soviet Union, and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc

The civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party, which broke out immediately following World War II and had been preceded by on and off conflict between the two sides since the 1920's.

The implementation of nuclear and conventional arms control agreements, the withdrawal of Soviet military forces from Afghanistan and Eastern Europe, and the collapse of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War.

Relies on government ownership and centralized control of economic resources.

Emphasizes ownership of economic resources with little interference from the government.

• Economic equity is a very important goal in this type of economy

• There is no unemployment in this type of economy

• Housing, heathcare and pensions are provided by the government for everyone

• Most of the land and other economic resources are owned by the government.