A&P Tissues

groups of cells similar to structure and function.

the study of tissues.

4 tissue types that are the fabric of the body.

Continuous sheets of cells lining all external surface and internal cavities of an animal’s body.

Consist of one or more cell types embedded in a matrix and gives form to and anchors the organs of the body.

elongate fibers specialized for contraction and movement of body parts.

Receive, integrate, and transmit signals about internal and external stimuli.

Internal communication

\n Contracts to cause movement

Forms boundaries between different environments, \n protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together

Where can you find nervous tissue?

Where can you find muscle tissue?

Where can you find Epithelial tissue?

Where can you find Connective tissue?

What are the two major forms of Epithelial Tissue

In Epithelial Tissue what are the 5 functions of Covering and Lining Form?

In Epithelial Tissue is one function of Glandular Form?

one surface exposed to exterior or body cavity and one \n surface attached to basal lamina.

_______ and _______ keep epithelium as continuous sheets of cells.

What are the Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

Always sit upon and supported by connective tissue

• 1st name = # of layers, 2nd name = shape

Simple \n Pseudostratified \n Stratified

Squamous \n Cuboidal \n Columnar

•1 layer; flattened and scale-like; polygonal in shape from a surface view; flattened nucleus.

• Found in areas of low abrasion and high diffusion.

• Involved in passage of materials where little or no protection is needed.

• Endothelium and Mesothelium

where can you find Simple Squamous Epithelium?

• 1 layer; cube-shaped with a centrally placed nucleus.

• Function in both secretion and absorption.

Where can you find Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

•1 layer; column-shaped; basally placed elongated nucleus. • Function in secretion and absorption. • Tend to be ciliated, thus allowing for movement of materials. • Two major modifications in the digestive tract:

1. microvilli

2. goblet cells that secrete mucus

What are two major modifications in the digestive tract

Where can you find Simple Columnar Epithelium

• 1 layer, but appears to be multiple because cell nuclei are at different levels.

• Short, non-functional cells give rise to taller functional cells.

• • Function in secretion.

• • Tend to be ciliated, thus allowing for movement of materials.

• • Modified goblet cells secrete mucus.

Where can you find Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

• Multiple layers of squamous cells.

• Most widespread of the stratified epithelia.

• Found in areas of high abrasion where it serves a protective function.

• Cells produced in the deeper layers by cell division, are pushed towards the surface where they become flatter. Stratified Squamous Epithelium

• Keratinized cells form at the outermost layer of the skin.

Where can you find Stratified Squamous Epithelium

cells form at the outermost layer of the skin

• 2 layers of cuboidal cells.

• Enhances the durability and structure of glands.

Where can you find Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Where can you find Stratified Columnar Epithelium

• Multiples layers of columnar cells.

• Functions in durability and protection.

• Multiple layers (varies from ≈ 6 to 3 layers depending on degree of distension)

• Basal cells are cuboidal (distended) or columnar (not distended).

• Apical cells are squamous-like (distended) or dome-shaped (not distended).

• Stretching is caused by the hollow urinary organs filling with urine.

Where can you find Transitional Epithelium

• One or more cells that make and secrete an aqueous fluid (secretion).

• Classified based on where the secretion is released. endocrine, exocrine

• Can be unicellular (i.e., goblet cells) or multicellular (i.e., glands)

Secrete into the blood (hormones) ductless

Secrete into a body cavity (enzymes) or onto the skin (sweat) ducts are present.

What are the four major classes of Connective Tissue

5 major functions of Connective Tissue

Functions of Connective Tissue Proper

Functions of Cartilage

lining that covers body cavity

Simple squamous that covers blood vessel

Function of bone

Function of blood

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

stem cells that give rise to all different types of cells.

• Fluid based.

• Most of the time it is gel-like because of cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans.

Provide the support

• Cross-linked fibrils form thick fibers

• high tensile strength

• Network of long, thin fibers of elastin

• stretchable and great recoil ability

• delicate network of short fine fibers

• continuous with collagen fibers.

immature cells produce ground substance and fibers of the matrix. (making cells)

mature cells maintain the health of the matrix (monitoring it)

• Most common type of connective tissue in vertebrates.

• Characterized by having a lot of open (“loose”) space.

• Vascularized.

Types of Connective Tissue Proper: Loose

• Can clearly see the 3 fiber types - collagen (thicker, more rigid), elastin (thinner, stretchable), and reticular.

• Nuclei of fibroblasts (produce the fibers) can be seen.

• All in a gel-like matrix.

• Surrounds/cushions organs, blood vessels, nerves, glands, and forms subcutaneous tissue.

• Holds interstitial fluid and plays a role in \n inflammatory response.

What are the three types of fibers in Areolar Connective Tissue

• Very few fibers and sparse extracellular matrix.

• Made up of large adipocytes that store fat globules.

• Nuclei pushed to outer edges of the cell to allow for maximum fat storage.

• Primarily lipid storage, but also functions in protection and insulation.

• In abdominal cavity, subcutaneous tissue, breasts, and around kidneys.

what tissue is primary for lipid storage but also function in protection and insulation

Where can you find Adipose Tissue

Where can you find areolar connective tissue

• Resembles areolar tissue, but the only fibers are reticular.

• Reticular cells (type of fibroblast) are scattered among fibers.

• Also tend to be able to see red blood cells.

• Forms a labyrinth-like internal framework that supports free blood \n cells in the lymph nodes, spleen, and red bone marrow.

What will you see in Reticular tissue

• Characterized by having very little open (“dense”) space. \n • Fibers are prominent element... fibrous connective tissue. \n • Poorly vascularized.

Types Connective Tissue Proper: Dense

• Tight, regular arrangements of collagen fibers \n with fibroblasts in between. \n • Regular arrangement allows for high resistance to \n tension, while waviness allows for some “give”. \n • Mostly collagen fibers, but ligaments have more \n elastin fibers intermingled. \n • Tendons: muscle to bone. \n Ligaments: bone to bone. \n Fascia: fibrous membrane around muscles, \n vessels, and nerves.

muscle to bone

bone to bone

fibrous membrane around muscles, vessels, and nerves

• Same elements as the regular type, except collagen fibers are thicker and \n arranged irregularly. \n • Found in areas where tension is exerted from all directions \n (dermis, synovial joint capsules, organ capsules).

Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found

• Mostly elastin fibers that look like squiggly dark lines. \n • High distension and recoil abilities.

• Maintains blood flow through elastic arteries and allows lungs to stretch and recoil with relative ease.

• Withstands tension and compression (tough, but flexible).

• Avascular and lacks nerves.

• Cartilagenous matrix is made by \n chondroblasts until puberty.

Cartilage is made up of ___% water

chondroblasts until puberty

What are the three types based on fiber composition and extracellular matrix

most abundant, high amount of collagen; precursor to bones; found where flexibility is important

nearly identical to hyaline except it’s high in elastin; found where flexibility is important.

high in collagen, yet many chondrocytes; resist tension, but is compressible; found where strong support and ability to withstand pressure is required

• Calcified (mineral salts) matrix with many collagen fibers.

• Highly vascularized and innervated.

• Exceptional protection/support for organs and muscles.

• Hematopoiesis.

• Mineral & fat storage.

produces the fibers of the matrix; salts are deposited

Most atypical connective tissue.

fluid matrix that contains blood \n clotting proteins (fibrinogen = fibers); transports \n nutrients, wastes, hormones, gases, and water.

Three main types of cellular elements for blood (Vascular Tissue)

small % of blood volume; 5 major types; immune function.

biconcave discs; nucleated in all animals except mammals; contain hemoglobin to carry O2 & CO2.

non-nuclear bodies derived from fragmentation of larger cells; blood clotting.

• Highly vascularized and innervated.

• Made up of elongate muscle fibers (myocytes) specialized for contraction.

• Muscle fibers contain myofibrils, which contain the contractile filaments, actin and myosin.

• Main component of the nervous system.

• Neurons are characterized by having a cell body with a series of processes, \n called dendrites and axons.

• Neurons detect stimuli, conduct action potentials, and generate a response.

• Glial cells are non-conducting cells that support, insulate, and protect

____ are characterized by having a cell body with a series of processes, called dendrites and axons.