Biology - Unit 4, Cell Cycle & Reproduction

a form of DNA is “unwound” in the nucleus of a cell

• chromatin is formed during cell division

a form of DNA that is “wound” into a structure

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

• images of a persons chromosomes that shows the biological sex & possible chromosomal abnormalities

a chromosomal abnormality that causes a cell to have a chromosome pair that is missing one chromosome

a chromosomal abnormality that causes a cell to have a chromosome pair that contains an extra chromosome.

part of the cell life cycle that is not involved in cell division.

• includes G1, S, & G2

cells grow & perform normal functions like cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and protein synthesis.

cells prepare for division / mitosis by growing more in size and replicating organelles.

cells replicate their DNA in order to give the newly divided cells a copy.

the division of the cytoplasm

body cells (diploid)

the number of each type of chromosome in a cell

• the ploidy of cells differs based on the type of cell

a cell that has 1 complete set of chromosomes

a cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes from both parents

the nuclear membrane dissolves and DNA condenses into chromosome form.

• crossing over occurs in Prophase 1 (the first phase in the process)

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

• independent assortment occurs in metaphase I.

chromosomes are pulled apart and move to either end of the cell.

• chromosomal abnormalities / nondisjunction can occur during anaphase

a nuclear membrane begins to form around each set of chromosomes & the cell membrane grows inward (beginning to pinch the cell into two.)

sex cells (egg & sperm)

they are chromosomes that are inherited from both parents.

• they have the same genes in the same places and are the same size and shape, but have different genetic information in them.

the separation of homologous pairs (produces 2 cells)

separation of sister chromatids (produces 4 cells)

Crossing over occurs in prophase 1 (the first phase in the process).

• it can be described as homologous chromosomes exchanging genetic information by literally crossing over parts of the chromosome.

independent separation of genes (during the formation of gametes)

an error in meiosis where homologous chromosomes fail to separate (occurs during anaphase 1)

replicated (identical) chromosomes

• that are connected by a centromere

 a form of cell division that is asexual, and produces genetically identical cells.

• division of the nucleus (chromosomes and DNA)

• P.M.A.T

two parents that create genetically different offspring

only 1 parent that creates genetically identical offspring

the fusion of an egg & sperm cell

cells replicate their DNA

• DNA must be replicated in order for both of the daughter cells to have the correct # of genetic information / chromosomes

interphase

cell checkpoints

cancer cells uncontrollably divide (cell division)

UV radiation, chemical exposure, carcinogens

they target quickly spreading cells, and kill the cells

As cancer treatments target all fast replicating cells, it affects a persons digestive system, hair follicles, and skin

• genetic diversity

• greater chance of mutation

• requires a lot of energy / time

• rapid population growth

• requires less energy

• all organisms are capable of reproduction (regardless of gender)

• non genetic diversity

• more susceptible to diseases

• there are 2 round of P.M.A.T

• metaphase 1 = separates homologous chromosomes

• metaphase 2 = separates sister chromatids

to create haploid gametes

sex cells

in fertilization opposing gametes fuse together and create a diploid zygote

cell division that takes place in 2 types of cells in the body

they are both types of cells

the amount of chromatids in each set of chromosomes

• haploid = 1 in each set

• diploid = 2 in each set

both are types of reproduction

both are ways that offspring gain genetic variability in meiosis?

both are types of chromosomal abnormalities

• caused by nondisjunction