Microbiology Test 2

cold-loving microbes, deep-ocean, 15 degree Celsius

grow between 0 and 20-30 degrees Celsius cause food spoilage

can survive in elevated temps. for a short period of time

osmotolerant grow in hypertonic/isotonic, up to 15% of salt

5.5-8 pH level

1-4.5 pH level

greater than 8 pH level

superoxide free radicals and peroxide

turns into hydrogen peroxide

hydrogen peroxide turns to water/gas

require oxygen

can live with or without oxygen

temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

oxygen, carbon, trace elements

moderate temperature loving microbes (20-40C) medical

heat loving microbes (40-80 C) hot springs

survive in high temperatures 95 degrees Celius

survive in hypertonic conditions

live in highly saline environments, dead sea

organisms that cannot live where molecular oxygen is present

do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence

require oxygen concentration lower than air

.03% of the atmosphere

grows best in 3-10% concentration of CO2

bacteria getting used to new environment, adjustment period

aggregation of bacteria of many species embedded in gel-like matrixes

-maintaining position in environment -protection from chemical control -increased resistance to immune system -cross feeding -quorum sensing

product oof one bacteria of metabolic process feed other bacteria

enables microbes to detect cell density within a biofilm

molecule released by bacteria in biofilm, cause change in genetic expression

increase in number of cells, not cell size

form of asexual reproduction, most common, DNA replication then cell division

time it takes to complete a fission cycle, depends on bacterial species and environmental conditions

"flat" period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth

begin replication, ideal conditions and characteristics

growth rate=death rate, growth rate=0

growth rate

quick, cells counted under light microscope , known quantity, cheap

only counts viable cells, common way for bacteria are counted

samples can have very high bacteria concentration, must dilute to bring down total colonies

most probable number, useful in dilute samples, uses color change to detect microbial growth

study of disease

study of the cause of disease

development of disease

colonization of the body by pathogens

an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

1. bacteria must be present in diseased but not in healthy individuals 2. bacteria must be isolated + grown on artificial media 3. test organism must replicate signs and symptoms of disease 4. bacteria must be reisolated + grown on artificial media

a change in a body function that is felt

a change in a body function that can be observed

a specific group of signs + symptoms that accompanies a disease

a disease that is spread from one host to another

disease that easily spread from one to another

a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time

fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

established within geographical region (flu)

disease doesn't naturally occur in location, new cases are random (ebola in the US)

endemic disease that exceeds the number of cases for that time period, outbreak at a lower scale (ebola in Africa)

epidemic at a global level (COVID)

number of individuals in a population which must acquire immunity to a disease in order to slow or stop spread

number of individuals likely to be infected by a transmitting case

symptoms develop rapidly

disease develops slowly

disease within a period with no symptoms when causative agent is inactive

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

an infection throughout the body

systemic infection that began as a local infection

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes

bacteria in the blood

growth of bacteria in the blood

toxins in the blood

viruses in the blood

acute infection that causes the initial illness

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

no noticeable signs or symptoms

main reservoir, transmits actively or passively, s+s or latent infections

zoonoses, direct contact, airborne, consuming infected animal product

environmental sources, soil, water, environment

direct contact- vertical vs. horizontal, droplet, indirect-nonliving fomite

transmission by an inanimate reservoir, waterborne, airborne, foodborne

acquired in hospital, nursing home, or prison, 8th leading cause of death, compromised host through skin +mucous membrane and suppressed immune system

microbes that are always there

microbes who colonize the body + may be present for days, weeks, or months

- nutrients, bodily fluids, diet, dead cells - physical + chemical factors - defenses of host - mechanical factors

when one microorganism kills, injures, or inhibits the growth of another microorganism

mechanisms that pathogens us to invade the immune system and cause infection

most easily colonized area of body due to size + location, diverse environment, oily areas

bacteria reside in the lumen or attached to mucus epithelium, nutritional availability high

most diverse collection of microbes, aerobic bacteria survive within gumline and plaque build up

an alteration of species composition in of microbiota, environmental changes responsible for change from mostly symbiotic bacteria

highest density, contains most complex + important microbial interaction with host

sexual organs kept sterile through physical barriers, estrogen stimulates release of glycogen which encourages lactobacillus bacteria

live culture microbes beneficial to developing human microbiota

a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms

the way a pathogen gets into your body

-gain access + adhere -avoid or penetrate host defense -damage tissue

build up of waste/toxin

the ability to cause disease

the extent of pathogenicity

1. exposure to host

2. adhesion

3. invasion

4. infection