World History--- Spreading the Enlightenment

Why will ideas spread throughout Europe?

books and pamphlets---very inexpensive, rapidly published and distributed, written during enlightenment

What did people realize was important to have a just society?

reform

Why will censorship start to rise?

Old Order

Censorship the most resistant areas. Why did people not want to cover up?

God established it so they believe it shoulden’t change

censorship

restricting of ideas or information

What happened after censorship was put in place?

-banned and burned books

-imprisoned writers

-possible death of the writer

What did writers start to use to deal with censorship and get around it?

pseudonyms

pseudonyms

false/fake name

What did Voltaire write?

Candide

What was Candide about?

hero searches for the best government and finds corrupt and hypocrisy

salons

informal social gatherings where people would discuss Enlightenment ideas with writers, artists, philosophers, etc.

Where did salons origonate?

Paris

What did salons start as?

Nobel women gathering for poetry reading then turned to discussing ideas

Madame Geoffrin

hosted one of the most respected salon; she put the best minds together; Diderot and Mozart

Madame Pompadour

famous salon host; great guests b/c mistress of Louis XV; people wanted to be there to get closer with the King

At salons who did the common people interact with?

middle class--- started to see beginnings of order

What formed from the middle class?

capitalism

Who was the King when the Enlightenment began?

Louis XIV (14)

Baroque

-art and architecture was either of the Greek and roman or a grand style

-ornate, colorful, typically large

-typically glorified battles or the lives as Saints

Which King led a less formal lifestyle?

Louis XV (15)

Rococo

-artists began to reflect change of a less formal lifestyle by developing this

-moved away from religion with a lighter, elegant but charming style

Enlightenment led to formation of new music written by composers and musicians. What types of music developed?

classical music and opera

Opera

plays set to music; performed in royal courts; the house sprang from Italy to England

What were the middle class able to do because of the spread of Opera in the 1700s?

they were able to commission musicians and afford it

Johannes-Sebastian Bach

-German Lutheran

-religious music for organs and choirs

-sonatas for violin and harpsichord

sonatas

an instrumental composition, usually in 3 or more movements for piano alone

harpsichord

keyboard instrumental whose springs are plucked by means of quills and plectrums

George Fredric Handel

-German composer

-wrote for King George I

-known for the Messiah

Franz Joseph Haydn

-developed forms of classical music for string and symphonies

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

-child prodigy

-composer and reformer

-created operas, symphonies, and religious music

By the 1700s literature developed new forms of writing. What is it called?

novels

What were novels?

long works of prose (doesn’t rhyme) fiction

What did Daniel Defoe write?

Robinson Cruose

What was Robinson Cruose about?

a sailor who shipwrecked on a tropical island

What did Johnathan Swift write?

Gulliver’s Travels

What was Gulliver’s Travels about?

2 kingdoms discussed in Gulliver’s Travels were intended as, and understood to be, satirical portraits of the kingdom of Great Britain and kingdom of France, respectively, as they were in early 18th century

Who tried to convince monarchs to make reforms?

Philosophes

Enlightened despots

some monarchs accepted enlightenment ideas while others practiced absolutism, but also enlightenment ideas

Frederick II

-aka Frederick the Great

-king of Prussia

a) tightly controlled subjects

b) saw himself as a servant to the state

c) praised Voltaire

d) enacted reforms

i) ended torture

ii) allowed freedom of the press

iii) simplified law

iv) religious tolerance

Catherine the Great

-empress of Russia

a) read works of Diderot and Voltaire

b) believed in enlightenment ideas of equality and freedom

c) employed limited reforms

i) abolished torture

ii) established religious tolerance

iii) granted nobles rights---criticized serfdom

iv) didn’t give up power

Maria Theresa

-Hapsburg Dynasty and ruler of Austria

-empress

-believed in enlightenment ideas but didn’t push reforms

Joseph II

-Son and successor of Maria Theresa

-Hapsburg emperor

-instituted numerous reforms

a) modernized government

b) religious freedom

c) freedom of the press

d) abolished serfdom

Most Europeans weren’t directly impacted from the English. Slowly however, Enlightenment crept into lives as the following took place…

a) ending of serfdom

b) political upheaval

c) war

d) economic conditions