Urinary system

S: Paired organs, reddish, bean-shaped organs

1. Renal capsule with outer layer of dense collagenous connective tissue and inner layer of myofibroblasts

2. Parenchyma

3. calyces

4. Renal pelvis

F: regulate body fluid composition

1. blood filtration

2. electrolyte balance

3. hormone production [renin, erythrogenin, prostaglandins (E series), hydroxylation of vitamin D]

L: below the rib cage, on either side of the spine

S:

1. outer layer = dense collagenous connective tissue

2. inner layer = myofibroblasts → control intrarenal pressure

3. hilus

F: forms connective tissue covering of the sinus and walls of the calyces and renal pelvis, myofibroblasts may aid in resisting volume and pressure variations that can accompany various kidney functions

L: kidney

S: cortex = outer layer, darker color; medulla = inner layer, light color; lobes; lobules

F:

L:

S: outer layer; darker color (contains 90-95% of blood)

1. nephrons

   1. renal corpuscles

   2. convoluted and straight uriniferous tubules

2. collecting tubules

3. medullary rays (of ferrein)

L: parenchyma of kidney

S: spherical

F: filtration

L: constitute the beginning segment of the nephron

S: inner layer; lighter color (contains 5-10% of blood)

F: regulate concentration of the urine

L: kidney

S: renal corpuscles=filtration units, convoluted and straight portions of the uriniferous tubules

F: basic functional unit of the kidney

L: cortex of the kidney

S: walls of the tubules are composed of microvilli, as well as ciliated cells

F: collect filtrate from several nephrons, collect urine from the distal convoluted tubules and carry it into the collecting duct system

L: cortex of the kidney

S: appear as vertical striations between nephron-rich regions, contain straight portions of uriniferous tubules and collecting tubules

F: each medullary ray is an aggregation of straight tubules and collecting ducts; conduction of water, minerals, and other organic substances

L: cortex of the kidney

S: conical structures, consisting of:

1. straight tubules of nephrons

2. accompanying straight blood vessels = vasa recta

3. collecting tubules

4. collecting ducts (of Bellini)

5. papilla

F: maintain proper balance of alt and water in the blood

L: medulla of the kidney

S: cortical tissue

F: formation of pyramids

L: extends around the pyramids into the medulla of the kidney

S: composed of a pyramid (medullary tissue) + the overlying cortex ; number of pyramids = number of lobes

F:

L: Kidney

S: consists of all of the nephrons that drain into a single collecting

F: constitutes the renal secretory unit

L: kidney

S: cup-shaped structure, lined by transitional epithelium

F: collect urine flowing from the ducts of Bellini and funnel it into the major calyces

L: kidney

S: funnel-shaped structure, branches to form the minor calyces, lined by transitional epithelium

F: collects urine from the minor calyces, serve as intermediate passageways for urine

S: funnel shaped structure, lined by transitional epithelium

F: forms the head of the ureter, branches to form the major calyces, collects urine and funnels it into the ureter

L: located in the hilus

S: one per kidney, thin muscular tube

1. mucosa

   1. transitional epithelium

   2. lamina propria - dense collagenous connective tissue

2. muscularis

   1. inner longitudinal

   2. outer circular

   3. third, outer longitudinal layer appears at terminus

3. adventitia = loose connective tissue

F: transport urine to the bladder via peristaltic contraction, conducts urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

L: kidney

S:

1. mucosa - transitional epithelium & lamina propria

2. muscularis - layers (inner longitudinal, outer circular, outer longitudinal)

3. adventitia- covers most (loose c.t.)

4. serosa (covers upper portion)- loose connective tissue and mesothelium

F: stores urine, expel urine by muscular contraction

S:

F: transports urine from the bladder to outside of the body, controls the release of urine via a sphincter muscle

S: short = 5 cm, transitional epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium; glands (paraurethral and periurethral)

F: outlet for urine from the bladder to the external orifice

L: runs from the bladder to the vestibule of the vagina

S: long = 20 cm

1. prostatic urethra (transitional epithelium)

2. membranous urethra (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)

3. Penile urethra (lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium)

F: outlet for urine from the bladder to the external orifice

L: extends from the bladder through the penis

S: hormone

F: controls blood pressure, catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

S: hormone

F: regulates RBC production, released in response to hypoxia or low oxygen levels, converts blood erythropoetinogen to erythropoietin)

S: a prohormone

F: completes biochemical process begun in the kidney, regulates calcium homeostasis

S: glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, vascular pole, urinary pole

F: filtering units, site where the primary plasma filtrate is produce from the blood

L: component of the nephron

S: unique capillary network, capillary tuft, pores, covered by a basal lamina

F: hydrostatic pressure forces water and solutes out through the pores

L: ventral region of the renal corpuscle in the cortex of the kidney

S: two layers of epithelial cells separated by the urinary space: parietal layer and visceral layer

L: renal corpuscle of the nephron of the kidney

S: outer boundary of the capsule, composed of a simple squamous epithelium, nuclei bulge into the urinary space, surrounded on the outside by a basement membrane

S: podocytes, mesangial cells

S: principal cell type, epithelial cells, key feature = thick basal lamina = glomerular basement membrane

F: give rise to elongated branching processes that interdigitate = pedicels (foot processes)

L: glomerulus

S: thick basal lamina, fusion of the podocyte basal lamina and the endothelial basal lamina

F: acts as a filter to prevent the passage of higher molecular weight solutes from leaving the blood, allows water and lower molecular weight solutes to pass into the urinary space, polyanions (e.g. heparin sulfate) in the laminar rare impede the passage of cations from the blood

L: kidney

S: phagocytic cells derived from smooth muscle

F: secrete extracellular matrix → mesangium, keep the GBM clean, structural support for the glomerulus

L: inside of the glomerular basement membrane (GMB), at the vascular stalk and between the glomerular capillaries

S: bowman’s space, urinary sinus

F: collection of filtrate

L: space in between the two epithelial cell layer of bowman’s capsule

S:

F: site where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole exits the glomerulus

L: located on the opposite side of the corpuscle from the visceral pole

S: the simple squamous epithelium of the parietal layer is continuous with the simple cuboidal epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule

F: site at which the uriniferous tubule connects to the renal corpuscle

L: kidney

S: selectively reabsorbs 99% of plasma filtrate

F: site where the primary filtrate is concentrated into urine

S: simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium, prominent brush border of microvilli, extensive interdigitations of the later cell membranes, numerous elongated mitochondria

F: receives primary filtrate from the renal corpuscle, reabsorbs 80% of the volume of the primary filtrate, amino acids and sugars selectively reabsorbed, proteins and particles are endocytosed and digested

L: nephrons of kidneys

1. proximal straight segment of Henle’s loop

2. thin segment (thin limb) of Henle’s loop

3. distal thick segment of Henle’s loop

S: thick descending segment, pars recta, cuboidal simple epithelium, short brush border of microvilli

F: ion transport

L: kidney

S: hairpin loop of variable length, depending on the location in the cortex, thin to thick simple squamous epithelium, no blood

F: control of salt and water balance

L: kidney

S: similar to distal convoluted tubule; straight tubule; wall of large cuboidal cells; few, short microvilli; extensive basal membrane folds associated with numerous large mitochondria → striations; indistinct lateral cell boundaries; apical nucleus → may bulge into the lumen

F: ion transport

L: medulla and medullary rays of the cortex of the kidney

S: coiled tubule; wall of large cuboidal cells; few, short microvilli; extensive basal membrane folds associated with numerous large mitochondria; indistinct lateral cell boundaries; apical nucleus that may bulge into the lumen

F: reabsorption of sodium/ secretion of potassium; reabsorption of bicarbonate/ secretion of protons → acidification of urine; conversion of ammonia to ammonium; formation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

L: in cortex of the kidney

S: macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells

F: maintain blood pressure and act as a quality control mechanism

L: located at the vascular pole of every glomerulus

S: simple, high squamous to cuboidal epithelium with distinct lateral cell boundaries

F: collects urine and transports it

S:

F: concentration of urine

L: located in the medullary layer of the cortex of the kidney

S: simple, cuboidal epithelium with distinct lateral cell boundaries, formed by merger of straight collecting tubules, increase in diameter with increasing distance into the medulla

F:

L: located in the medullary rays of the cortex and continue into the medulla of kidney

S: formed by merging of collecting ducts, wall = columnar epithelium, with cells becoming increasingly taller with distance in the medulla

F: drains several nephrons

L: located in the lower portion of the medulla of kidney

S: area cribosa = perforated epithelium of the surface of the papilla, penetrated by papillary ducts

F: marks termination of the renal tubules and the beginning of the excretory passages

L: apex of a pyramid, where the papillary ducts terminate

S: enters at the hilus

F: supplies blood to a kidney and its nearby adrenal gland and ureter

L: kidney

S: extend along the outer boundaries of the pyramids to the level of the cortex, then branch

F: blood supply to renal capsule

L: kidney

S: characteristic arched appearance

F: course over the curved bases of the pyramids at cortical-medullary boundary

L: kidney

S: relatively straight perpendicular branches of the arcuate artery; extend radially into the car

F: blood supply to glomerular capillaries

L: kidney

S: star-shaped appearance → radial branches of the distal end of the interlobular arteries

F: supplies blood to the capsule

L: located beneath the capsule, kidney

S: network of capillaries

F: supplies blood to the capsule

L: located in the capsule of kidneys

S: drain the capsular capillaries near the capsule, drain into interlobular veins

F: supplies blood to the capsule

S: lateral branches of the interlobular arteries

F: supplies blood to the glomeruli and uriniferous tubules of the outer portion of the cortex

S: tuft of capillaries

F: source of the primary plasma filtrate (primary urine)

L: located within Bowman’s capsule, kidney

S: network of capillaries surrounding the uriniferous tubules in the cortex, wrap around the urine tubules

F: drain into stellate arteries and intralobular veins

L: kidney

S: renal corpuscle and uriniferous tubules

F: functional unit of the kidney

L: kidney

composed of red blood cells

S:

F: aids in resisting volume and pressure variations