Bio U1 AOS 1

Anything that can move, respire, sense, grow, reproduce, maintain equilibrium, excrete waste, and take up nutrients.

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment.

A living thing made up of one or more cells.

The idea that all living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest functional unit of living things, and all cells come from pre-existing cells

A group of single-celled organisms with no nucleus and a circular loop of DNA. Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotic.

A group of single and multi-celled organisms with a nucleus and linear strands of DNA. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic.

The phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins which separate the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment. Also known as the cell membrane.

The aqueous fluid that surrounds the organelles inside a cell.

Small RNA-protein structures that are the site of protein synthesis. They either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to the RER.

A double-stranded nucleic acid chain made up of nucleotides. DNA carries the instructions for proteins which are required for cell and organism survival.

Structure within a cell that is enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer.

The structure made of protein and nucleic acids (DNA) that carries genetic information.

A double membrane-bound organelle that protects and confines the genetic information (DNA) of a cell.

Inside the nucleus is a smaller structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production.

A small, circular loop of DNA that is separate from a chromosome, typically found in bacteria

Any cell that is not a reproductive cell (such as sperm and egg cells). Somatic cells are diploid, meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes – one inherited from each parent.

The cell division phase which involves the complete separation of sister chromatids and nuclei.

Cells that are involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes.

Reproductive cells that arise from germline cells that contain half the genetic material of a somatic cell. In humans, gametes are sperm and eggs.

A specialised form of cell division used to produce gametes in sexually-reproducing organisms.

The method of cell replication used by prokaryotes.

Unit of measurement where 1 mm = 1 000 μm.

A cellular structure that performs specific functions.

The cytosol and organelles inside the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus

A membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage. Vacuoles can also play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.

A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are coated with ribosomes. This allows the rough endoplasmic reticulum to synthesise and modify proteins. The rough endoplasmic reticulum typically surrounds, or is close to, the nucleus.

A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are not coated with ribosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the production of lipids in a cell.

Stacked flattened sacs that are the sites of protein sorting, packaging, and modification for use in the cell or export. Protein-filled vesicles often fuse with or bud off from the Golgi apparatus. Also known as the Golgi body.

A membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. It is responsible for breaking down cell waste and toxins, acting like a garbage disposal.

An organelle with a highly folded inner membrane surrounded by a second outer membrane. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP required to power cellular processes. They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes. They are the primary site of energy production from aerobic cellular respiration

A double membrane-bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled sacs that are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

A sturdy border outside the plasma membrane that provides strength and structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells. (Eukaryotes)

A small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances into or out of a cell, or stores substances within a cell.

A large network of protein filaments that start at the nucleus and reach out to the plasma membrane. The cytoskeleton is critical for maintaining shape and transporting vesicles around the cell. In the given fluorescence microscopy photo, the purple represents the cytoskeleton.

A type of nucleic acid that is a key structural component of ribosomes.

The biochemical process in all living things that converts glucose into ATP. Can be aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

The fold of the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Requiring oxygen.

Requiring no oxygen.

The process of converting light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.

Cells that transport oxygen through the bloodstream and do not contain a nucleus.

The amount of space inside an object. Measured in (units of length)3 (i.e. mm3, cm3, m3).

The sum of the area of all exposed sides of a three-dimensional shape. Measured in (units of length)2 (i.e. mm2, cm2, m2).

A comparison of the amount of surface area per unit of volume. In Biology, SA:V influences temperature regulation, and a high SA:V leads to more effective transport into and out of cells.

Inside a cell

outside a cell

Property of cell membranes that ensures only specific substances pass across them. Also known as semipermeable.

The main molecule of which membranes are composed. They have a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails.

A double layer of amphiphilic molecules that forms the primary component of cell membranes.

The hydrophilic (water loving) subunit of a phospholipid

The hydrophobic (water hating) lipid subunit of a phospholipid.

Describes a molecule with both a positive end and negative end. These tend to be hydrophilic.

Describes a molecule without a clearly positive or negative end. These tend to be hydrophobic.

Describes molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. Also known as amphiphilic.

A class of biomacromolecule made of amino acid monomers folded into a 3D shape, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulphur.

A class of biomacromolecule made from monosaccharide monomers consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Also known as saccharides or sugars.

A steroid-alcohol that regulates fluidity in plasma membranes.

An integral protein that spans the entire plasma membrane.

A phospholipid bound to a carbohydrate.

A protein bound to a carbohydrate.

The theory of how the plasma membrane is structured.

The movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane and down the concentration gradient, without an input of energy.

Movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane that requires energy.

The passive movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (down the concentration gradient).

The difference in solute concentration between two adjacent areas.

A substance dissolved in the solvent.

A type of passive transport where molecules move through a phospholipid bilayer with the aid of a membrane protein.

A transmembrane protein pore in a phospholipid bilayer that selectively enables transport of large or polar molecules.

A membrane protein that undergoes conformational change to transport molecules across a membrane.

The passive transport of a solvent (typically water) through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute (high solvent) to a region of high solute (low solvent).

Describes a solution with a higher solute concentration when compared to another solution.

Describes a solution with the same solute concentration as another solution.

Describes a solution with a lower solute concentration when compared to another solution

Describes plant cells that are swollen and firm from water uptake.

Describes plant cells with weak and sagging plasma membranes from water loss.

Describes plant cells with weak and sagging plasma membranes from water loss

A type of active transport that uses vesicles to move large molecules or groups of molecules into or out of the cell.

A polypeptide that transports molecules across a membrane against its concentration gradient with the aid of ATP.

A high energy molecule that, when broken down, provides energy for cellular processes.

A membrane based protein that undergoes conformational change to transport molecules across a membrane.

A type of bulk transport that moves large substances out of the cell.

A type of bulk transport that moves large substances into the cell.

Endocytosis of solid material or food particles.

Endocytosis of liquid or dissolved substances.

A method of reproduction that produces genetically identical cells without the fusion of gametes (sex cells).

A small, circular loop of DNA that is separate from a chromosome, typically found in bacteria.

The division of the cytoplasm and formation of two daughter cells.

A dividing wall formed during binary fission.

The first stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle which involves cellular growth and duplication of chromosomes. Composed of three phases: G1, S, and G2.

The two identical halves of a replicated chromosome.

The division of the cytoplasm and formation of two daughter cells.

Chromosomes (DNA and proteins) that have been unwound and loosely packed during interphase.

Cells that have fully specialised and no longer replicate.

One half of a double stranded chromosome.

The structure that holds sister chromatid’s together.

Cells or organisms that have two sets of chromosomes.

The formation of a new cell following cell replication.

Prophase begins with the condensation of chromatin around histones into distinct chromosomes, so that they become visible under a microscope. Simultaneously, the centrioles migrate towards opposite ends (or poles) of the cell, and spindle fibres begin to form. The nuclear membrane breaks down and the nucleolus disappears.

In metaphase, the spindle fibres fully form and attach to the centromere of each chromosome. This allows the spindle fibres to guide the chromosomes towards the equator of the cell where they line up.

The spindle fibres contract, splitting the centromere and pulling sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell.