Punnet Squares, Pedigrees & Blood Typing

The genotype for each characteristic has the same alleles eg. AA, BB, bb, hh

The genotype for the characteristic has different alleles eg. Aa, Tt, Dd, Bb

used to represent the first generation of offspring

used to represent the second generation and obtained by crossing two F1 individuals

A person who has one recessive allele for a trait, but does not have the trait.

one allele is dominant and masks the presence of the other allele

both alleles are dominant, traits from both alleles show in the phenotype

• The trait can 'skip' generations

• Two affected parents must produce all offspring affected

• Equal numbers of males and females are affected

• An affected child may have unaffected parents

• An affected child must have at least one affected parent

• The trait cannot 'skip' a generation

• Two affected parents can have an unaffected child

• Equal numbers of males and females are affected

an affected male pedigree symbol

an affected female pedigree symbol

an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype

An allele that is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

sections of DNA that determine traits

a form of a gene that determines the characteristics

the physical appearance of an organism

the combination of genes that code for a trait

neither allele is dominant. A blend of two alleles are expressed in the phenotype

family tree that records and traces the occurrence of a trait in a family

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

antigen: A

antibody: B

donor preferred: A

donors allowed: A & O

RH factor: +

antigen: A \n antibody: B \n donor preferred: A \n donors allowed: A, O \n RH factor: -

antigen: B \n antibody: A \n donor preferred: B \n donors allowed: B, O \n RH factor: +

antigen: B \n antibody: A \n donor preferred: B \n donors allowed: B, O \n RH factor: -

antigen: A & B \n antibody: neither A or B \n donor preferred: AB \n donors allowed: AB, A, B, O \n RH factor: +

antigen: A & B \n antibody: neither A or B \n donor preferred: AB \n donors allowed: AB, A, B, O \n RH factor: -

antigen: neither A or B \n antibody: both A & B \n donor preferred: O \n donors allowed: O \n RH factor: +

antigen: neither A or B \n antibody: both A & B \n donor preferred: O \n donors allowed: O \n RH factor: -

O-, because there is no antigens and no RH factor to affect the other blood types

AB+, because it has both antigens and a positive RH factor

an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the red blood cell.

If your blood type is positive, then your blood cells have the Rh protein.

If your blood type is negative, then your blood cells lack the Rh protein.