Robert Borden
Prime Mister of Canada
promised no conscription in Canada and broke that promise after he visted injured soldiers in France
George Clemensau
“the tiger”
President of France
Franz Joseph
Emperor of Austria-Hungary
Fransicis Pegahmagabow
sniper in the Canadian army
BIlly Bishop
one of the leading “aces” of the flying corps
shot down 72 enemy planes
Franz Ferdinand
assasinated by the Black Hand
Archduke of Austria-Hungary
Woodrow Willson
president of the USA
Kaiser Wilhelm Ⅱ
Emperor of Germany
Sam Hughes
Canadian Minister of Militia
refused to let the Canadians to be broken up
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister of Great Britian
King GeorgeⅤ
King of Great Britian
Czar Nicholas
Emperor of Russia
Gavrillo Princip
assassinated the Archduke
apart of the serbian terrorist group the Black Hand
suffers from tuberculosis which influences his his decision to go to Sarajevo
Arthur Currie
Commander of the Canadian Corps
no mans land
narrow, muddy, treeless stretch of land, characterized by numerous shell holes, that separated German and Allied trenches
enemy aliens
people who had immigrated to Canada in the last 15 years from country’s who are at war with Canada
total war
everyone is effected by war, battlefront and homefront
war based society, everyone doing their part
conscription
the law enforcing all eligible men must enlist in the war
interment camps
camps where ‘enemy aliens’ were put to work (building roads, building and repairing buildings, clearing the land)
internees were only paid 25 cents a day
dog fights
enemy planes fighting in the sky
propoganda
biased or misleading info used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view
renforces nationalistic feelings: demonizes enemy
incourages involvement on the battlefront and warfront
war guilt clause
forced germany to take all the blame for causing the war
shrapnel
chunks of hot flying metal from artillery fire and explosives
pacifists
men who didn’t want to enlist
chemical warefare
germans used chlorine gas for the first time in the battle of ypres
a war crime
artillery
large-caliber guns used in warfare on land
machine guns, heavy artillery, rifles
canadain standard: the ross rifle
often jammed
armistice
november 11th, 1918 both sides decided to cease fire
neither side felt that the had “lost”
convoy system
Introduced by Royal Navy June 1917
Would provide escort vessels for ships, guard against surface gunfire attacks, drops death charges (dropped into water, and when they hit a certain pressure in the ocean they explode)
Canada’s main role in the war at sea was in shipping canadian troops, food, and munitions to Europe
stalemate
when both sides of a battle come to a standstill and neither are advancing or being defeated
shell shock
from overexposure to the front lines
often diagnosed when a soldier was unable to function and no obvious cause could be identified
creeping barrage
a creeping, continuous massive artillery barrage to protect squads of advancing troops
used for the first time at vimy ridge
vimy glide: 100 yard advance every 2 minutes
trench foot/mouth
from standing in stagneant water for too long, and gangreen sets in
from the un-sanitary conditions in the trenches
great powers of europe
great britain, france, germany, austria hunagry, russia
triple entente
France, great britain, russia
Russia and France are friends to contain/sandwich germany
triple alliance
Germany, Austria Hungary , Italy
italy gets involved with the alliance for defensive purposes
1914, they bow out, 1915, they join the entente
blank cheque
germans gave austria-hungary a cheque and told them whatever amount of money they wanted would be provided
militirisim
belief to keep a strong military/ the build up of a strong army
Military = pride in nation
Can build tension, suspicion, distrust
Leads to an Arms Race
alliances
a union or association formed for mutual benefit
ex. triple entente, triple alliance
imperialism
controlling land around the globe/extending your empire
More people = more soldiers
More resources & markets
nationalism
a sense of pride/patriotism in your empire/pride for your country
Becomes and issue when it becomes extreme
“Ultra Nationalism”
isolationisim
avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries
ex. USA until they joined the war in 1917
suffragettes
groups of women who sought the right to vote
women whos children, husbands, or brothers were serving were given the right to vote
this occured becuase borden throught they would vote for conscription
the more men in war, the more woman who can vote/less of a chance for their loved one to be injured
ANZAC forces
Australian New Zealand Army Core
arms race
two or more countries increase the size and quality of military resources to gain superiority over one another
often driven by paranoia
the spark/assasination (powderkeg)
The spark: the assassination
→ Austria-Hugary declares war on Serbia
→ Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary
→ Germany declares war on Russia
→ Germany declares war on France
→ Britian prepares for France and Russia to declare war on Germany
*Italy doesn’t help becuase they said they would help on defensive, and AH and Germany are declaring war on everyone
black hand
a serbian terrorist group
assasinated the archduke
u-boats
germany’s best naval weapons
target: torpedo attacks on allied warships, moved to target allied merchant ships (to cut out all supplies and force the Brits to leave the war)
a downside is they can’t tell who they’re sinking
unrestricted submarine warfare
Subs can take down anything in the sea under their control (the north atlantic)
aspects of society
social
economic
political
military
western front
Heavily trenched
1916 opposing trenches had been carved into europe from the english channel to the swiss alps
political acts
1917: Wartime Elections Act
took away right to vote for “Enemy Aliens”
1917: Military service act
granted “status Indians” an exemption from conscription
recruitment
Conscription enforced to raise and mobilize an army
Use of propaganda
trench warefare
war on two fronts
homefront
autonomy
The Schlieffen Plan
The Military Service Act (1917)
The Treaty of Versailles
Purpose: bringing the war against germany to a close
To ensure that WW1 would be the last one
Canada signs the treaty on their own accord
The Big “3”
3 allied leaders were in charge of negotiations
France: George Clemensau
Wants to murder germany and see them ripped apart
Britain: David Lloyd George
More on the french side than american, want to maintain their lead in the empires and world economy
USA: Woodrow Wilson
Idealist, doesn’t want to destroy germany for the future
The invasion of Belgium
on their way to france, Germans invade Belgium
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
the archduke and his wife are vistsing Sarajevo and there were two attepts made by the black hand:
a grenade is thrown at the car, but it bounces back into the croud
the parade continues and Gavrillo Princip takes the oppourtunity to shoot both the archduke and his wife in the head, killing them both
Austria’s Ultimatum
A.H. presents ultimatum to serbia (meet our demands or face war)
Allow austro-hungarian officers to enter Serbia, investigate assassination and crush all terrorist movements
Serbia agrees to almost all of the terms, but not all of them which upsets A.H.
Russia, an ally of Serbia, will not tolerate it and begin to mobilized
Ypres
1915
Canadians first sent to Ypres, Belgium
Was to stop Germany from getting to the English Channel
The Canadians had been assigned a section of the front-line trenches to hold off the germans
They hold the line for 2 days until reinforcements come to relieve them
6 035 Canadians (one man in every 3) became casualties of whom more that 2 000 died
The Somme
July 1st 1916- November 18 1916
Sept. 1916 canada enters the Somme
Takes place in france, one of the bloodiest battles in WW1
First day of battle: 57 540 casualties
91% of Newfoundland regiment wiped out in one day
A total of 1.25 million men were killed or wounded during the 5 month battle
Vimy Ridge
April 9th 1917
All soldiers are given field maps and compasses for the first time
Creeping Barrage used for the first time
Easter Monday 5:30 am, the command is given to go “over the top”
15 000 soldiers moved in the first wave of attack
The return of the german machine guns was murderous, but the canadians wiped out their front line
In the four days, 3600 Canadians soldiers died, another 5000 wounded
The ridge was taken, much of it in the first day. The valor of the troops the originality of the plan all contributed to a new nation’s pride
Passchendaele
Belgium, July-November 1917
Early oct canadians sent to belgium to relieve the batterf ANZAC forces
Muddy from the many belgian canals
Three years of heavy fighting there had destroyed drainage systems
German machine gunners in pill boxes
More than 4000 soldiers died in fighting there and almost 12000 were wounded
Canada's sacrifices and achievements on the battlefields of europe indeed gained our country a new respect on the international stage
15 654 Canadian casualties, 9 Canadians are awarded the Victoria Cross
Some awarded posthumously
The Sinking of the Lusitania
British Passenger Liner- New York to Liverpool
1198 people killed - 128 Americans
The Zimmerman Telegram
Military alliance with germany and mexico
Declare war on the US
Gain back texas, arizona, and new mexico
British intelligence intercept and alerts the US
Outraged the american people
US enters the war on April 6, 1917
Declares war on Germany
Helps push the allies to victory
Turning point for the war
Both sides were already exhausted
The War in the Air
Fighters/Bombers
Needed to stop enemy observation
Dog-fights
Enemy ships/planes battling in the sky
Machine-guns added to planes
kites/cameras used at first, manned balloons
Used for spying on the enemy
Early planes used for spying and photos of troop movements/location
The Conscription Debate
multiple groups were against conscription, two large ones were french canadians and pasifists
french canadians didn’t want to be roped into a british war
people in the west had farms, and didn’t want to leave them
violent protests take place in quebec
The Halifax Explosion
December 6, 1917
2 ships collide in the harbor
2 000 died, 9 000 injured
Biggest man made explosion in human history, until Hiroshima explosion ended WW2
Racism in Recruitment
Early in the war First Nations are denied access to the war
Black Canadians also try to enlist and are denied by white officers running
Asian volunteers were also turned away
Canadians of German, or Ukrainians from parts of Ukraine controlled by Austria-Hungary decent (enemy aliens) were rejected
1916/17 numbers dwindle, and need to cut back on their restrictions
1916 black volunteers recruited to join a segregated non-combat, construction battalion