Studied by 15 peopleWhat was the Minoan civilization
the first Aegean civilization centered on the Island of Crete with its capital at Knossos
What was the Minoan civilization like?
Women had a High Status
Influential in Later Greek Culture
Powerful Seafaring People- Dominated Trade
Loved Sports! Bull Jumping, Wrestling, Boxing
Linear A as the language
What did the palace at Knossos look like?
Open, more peaceful, had lots of art mostly containing bulls, had black and red columns
What is a possible end to the Minoan civilization?
Volcanic Explosion
What were the Myceneans like?
Begin to trade with Minoans
language- Linear B.
Began to build fortresses on the Peloponnesus
City-States with citadels: fortified palaces centered on hills, civilians live outside the walls.
Warrior People:
Raiders/pirates
Mercenaries
Conquerors (Crete)
Traders and merchants
Minoan Influence
What was the Mycenean involvement in the trojan war?
c. 1250 possible trade war against Troy
weakened strength of Kings at homeWH
What was Mycenae like?
More war focused
Had walls around the city
Fortress was built on a hilltop
Who was Agamemnon and what did he do?
He was the king of Mycenae and commanded the Greeks during the trojan war
Dark Ages – Dorian Age c. 1110-750 BCE
Everything decreased:
food production
population
writing
art
Trade
Dorians settled in Peloponnesus.
Weak Kings ruled small territories with aristocratic councils (clans).
Homer’s poems revealed what life in the Dark Ages was like
What are the column names for the most simple, the somewhat simple and somewhat complex, and the fancy one
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian (in order)
After Athens and Sparta were left weakened from the Peloponnesian War, THIS KING conquered Greece but passed away before he was able to conquer anything further.
Philip 2 of macedon
What was the capital of the Persian Empire established by Darius?
Persepolis
What is a famous Greek structure involving columns called?
The Parthenon
List the art eras and the differences between them.
Archaic - very simple people standing up straight
Classical- More movement, including people throwing things and sports “moment before movement”
Hellenistic- extremely detailed impressive sculptures and the wet drape style
What is a path associated with the Persian empire?
The Persian Royal Road
While greatly outnumbered in most battles, the Greeks were partially successful in the Persian Wars because of their use of this formation pictured below
Phalanx
What led immediately to the Dark Ages in Greece, a time of reduced art, trade, and population growth.
Dorian invasion
In the Republic, Plato believed that the best form of government is one ruled by …
Philosopher kings
Greek Mythology was often used to do what two things
Explain natural phenomena
Teach us morals and values
Why were the Olympics important for Greek Society, and even today?
Notable because even if these city-states were in conflict, they put down their arms for this competition
Why was Greek city-state unification difficult?
Because of their geography! Mountainous terrain physically prevented Greek unification, leading to different cultural city states.
He wanted to punish the Greeks for their support of the Ionian Revolt, thereby reigniting the war between Greece and Persia for the final time.
Xerxes
Which Polis is being discussed in this source?
“The ability to read and to write was important to their people – reading and writing was needed in order to be a citizen, and to carry out their duty. Their citizens needed a basic knowledge of reading and writing in order to be a member of the government. Education was made available by the government. Only male citizens were sent to school. There they would learn about poetry, literature, math, and science. It was all about preparing citizens to be in the government. Slaves were not awarded these same rights but did attain limited education in the household.”
Athens
What does the Acronym MOAT-D stand for?
Monarchy → Oligarchy → Aristocracy → Tyranny → Democracy
This system devised by Darius divided the Persian Empire into administrative districts, led by governors, that made life easier for the government and daily life. People were able to access their government easier if they needed anything, and the government was able to tax and rule the people easier.
Satrapies (Leaders are Satraps)
What did Cleisthenes do?
Known as the “Father of Democracy,” he instituted democratic reforms in Athens that allowed male citizens to participate in government instead of a government that was simply ruled by a King or Emperor.
Established a democratic court system with trial by jury.
This Philosopher was sentenced to death by Athens for “corrupting the youth.” He spent his time pushing us to question the basic assumptions we are taught in society, and to always ask questions of authority figures.
Socrates
What is an Oligarchy/Aristocracy?
Rule by wealthy individuals, they control the state’s resources and military. There are typically a small number of them.
What is one of Alexander the Great’s greatest legacy?
Spreading and blending cultures and ideas
One of Alexander the Great’s greatest legacy was the assimilation and blending of cultures within the boundaries of his Empire. This was known as the beginning of a new era, the spread of _______________ culture.
Hellenistic
Put the battles of the Persian Wars in order
Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, Platea
Battle of Marathon
Importance: myth of Persian invincibility is broken
occurred under Darius’s rule
Battle of Thermopylae
The Persians burn Athens to the ground.
Outcome: Persians win, but Persian army is delayed.
Important Consequence: this allows Greeks time to reorganize.
Battle of Salamis
Athenians fake retreat and lure Persians into the strait. Athenian navy victorious
(This battle was fought in the water)
Battle of Platea
This was the final battle of the Persian War, a decisive Greek victory and the Persian Empire was never able to conquer Greece.
Order the following:
Athenian Golden Age Dark Ages Greece Macedonian Conquest Mycenaean/Minoan Greece Greco-Persian War Peloponnesian War
Mycenaean/Minoan Greece Dark Ages Greece Greco-Persian War Athenian Golden Age Peloponnesian War Macedonian Conquest
Skepticism
This Greek School of Thought teaches us to never take strong positions on political, moral, and social issues because they doubted the possibility of anyone knowing everything.
Stoicism
This Greek School of Thought was very influential on the later Romans, and taught logic, respecting the natural order of things, and the value in seeking a virtuous life.
Epicureans
Identified pleasure as the greatest good. By pleasure they did not mean unbridled hedonism but, rather, a state of quiet satisfaction that would shield them from the pressures of the Hellenistic world
Cyrus the great
This Persian King is highly regarded in Hebrew culture because he freed the Jews during their Babylonian Captivity
Tolerant Ruler
He allowed conquered people to keep their leaders, religions, and other cultural practices.
Cyrus the Great began the dynasty and wrote that he wanted to, “Conquer the world.”
Formed the largest army the world had ever known
Made Pasargadae the capital and his tomb was there
This Greek Scientist first theorized the atom was the singular entity that makes up all living beings
Democritus
This Athenian leader established a permanent, written, law code for Athens that helped solidify the power of the Aristocracy.
Draco
(malfoy ?!?)
Plato’s philosophy pushes us to question the world around us, and notably, to consider what is truly meant by ‘beauty’, ‘truth,’ and even the ideal government. He discusses his theory of ‘Forms’ and these aforementioned ideas in THIS story.
Allegory of the Cave
What was Plato’s most famous book?
The Republic
This Greek Scientist reformed medicine by dedicating his medical texts and practices based directly on anatomy instead of religious or spiritual beliefs.
Hippocrates
What did Solon do?
This Athenian leader made citizen classes based on income not birth, thus allowing poorer classes a chance in holding power. His reforms helps transition Athens away from an Aristocracy towards a Democracy. He also cancelled debt and forbade debt slavery.
Known as the “Father of Tragedy” his plays and creation of this genre have influenced movies, art, theatre, and literature to this day.
Aeschylus
Socrates → Plato → _____________ → Alexander the Great
Aristotle
________ the Great began the _____________ Dynasty and set the stage for the rest of their Empire’s history by declaring that he wanted to, “Conquer the World.”
Cyrus, Achaemenid
Cleisthenes reformed this government body, composed of male citizens, that operated like a direct democracy. Many say that this government body officially made Athens a Democracy.
The Assembly
Who was Pisistratus?
This Tyrant took power by force in Athens, but beloved by the Athenian people for his reforms that helped the lower classes, reduced taxation, and introducing festivals for the city.
Helped the lower classes by exiling nobles, seizing their lands and giving them to the poor Provided new jobs for the poor
4 Overall Effects of the Persian War
Increased sense of Greece Nationality and Unity (only temporary)
Athenian Navy dominates the Aegean Sea, leading to greater colonization and wealth from trade which Sparta resents
Athens enters a Golden Age and creates Democracy
Creation of the Delian and Peloponnesian League which in turn further leads to the Peloponnesian War
The causes of the Peloponnesian war
Many city-states resented growing Athenian power
Especially when Athens became leader of Delian League
To counter the Delian League, Sparta and other enemies form the Peloponnesian League
Both cities press for war as each thought they had the advantage-- Athens = navy & Sparta = army
Who was Pericles
Leader during the golden age of Athens
Supported the arts and the government paid for large scale public works, theaters, and monuments
Extended gov. jobs to all free males in society
Ostracism: Could expel a citizen for 10 years
Pericles died in the Peloponnesian war and that ended the golden age
What is Important about the Peloponnesian War?
Sparta wins (with some $$ from Persians)
Ends Athenian Golden Age
Democratic government suffers- Philosophers Start to Question
Greece becomes vulnerable to Macedonian invasion.
Famous Greek historian that detailed the Persian War
Herodotus (Thucydides detailed the Peloponnesus war)
Socrates
Question everything!
“Socratic Method”
Sentenced to death by the state
Plato
Allegory of the Cave (Forms)
Question everything (from his teacher)
Rule by Philosophers (Philosopher kings)
The Republic
Aristotle
Logic
Taught Alexander the Great
Founded Lyceum (hall for public discussions)
Philip II of Macedon’s legacy
United Greece by force
Cultural diffusion and syncretism of the places within his Empire
Founded more than 20 significant cities, including Alexandria in Egypt
Hellenistic Era
Time in between Alexander’s death (323 BC) and emergence of the Roman Empire (31 BC)
Name derived from the name for Greece: Hellias
Period saw the rise of art, trade, literature, theatre, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science throughout Greece and the old Empire
What is Athens after the Dark Ages
Athens emerges from a monarchy after the Dark Ages
What is an Oligarchy
Oligarchy is when wealthy hereditary nobles (landowners) control the military and state resources
What did Darius the Great do?
Extended the Persian Empire from Egypt to India
Invested in building and public works projects:
notably building a canal in Egypt (Suez canal)
Built the Capital of Persepolis
Built the Royal Road
Centralization! Connected the empire and made life easier for the Persian people
Created a massive army and network of spies
Established the Satrap system
What were Satraps and Satrapies?
Satrapies were administrative districts within the Persian Empire, like states or counties
Satraps were leaders of these districts
These districts were established for localized and decentralized control and tax collecting
Inspired the system established by the Greeks and possibly influencing the way many countries today set up their local and state governments
What is Zoroastrianism?
Founded by Zarathustra / Zoroaster (Prophet)
One of the oldest World Religions
Dates: 6th Century B.C.
Location: Middle East, notably Iran
May have influence over Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (much older than them!)Message: “Good thought, good deeds, good word.”
Dualistic battle of Good vs. Evil
May be first religion to create the concept of a Heaven vs. Hell
Ahura Mazda (good spirit) vs. Ahriman (bad spirit)
The “Sacred Fire” (pictured below)
Ethical Monotheism
Who was King Leonidas?
A Spartan King that fought with his people
In a story of Herodotus, portrayed as very loyal to his people and as being a good king
Who created the Delian League and who created the Peloponnesian League?
Athens-Delian
Sparta-Peloponnesian
Flip cards
😎
C
According to Homer, the Mycenaeans crafted a plan to hide their soldiers in a wooden horse to surprise attack this enemy civilization located here
W
This polis was victorious in the Peloponnesian War
D
The Delian League was led by the city-state located here.
G
Alexander the Great led the Macedonian people, which originated here.
S
After the Persian War, Athenians freely colonized numerous territories in this body of water
L
(Mycenae!)
This structure, known as the Lion’s Gate, was built as an entrance to the city located here.
A
Sparta bravely defended Athens from the Persian Invasion, sacrificing their lives in order to successfully stall the Persians at this battle located here
D
Pericles created numerous public works projects, such as the Acropolis, and further reformed his government towards a more true Democracy in this city.
Q
The Ionian Sea
F
The people located here revolted against the Persians, and when Athens and Sparta supported this revolt the Persian War began…
D
The first battle of the Persian War was a surprise attack from King Darius I approximately located here.
G
The Dorians probably migrated from approximately here before they ‘invaded’ Greece
J
The Palace located here left behind many artifacts that tell us of a peaceful, artistic, wealthy, and sea-faring people that valued trade and the beauty in nature.
R
The naval battle located here was a genius ambush planned by the Athenians to draw in the Persian ships before soundly destroying them, demonstrating the might of the Athenian navy to the world.
W
The People located here valued strength, military might, hard work, and equality in society. They were often criticized for their aggressive military training for their youth.
Note
Flashcard