AP Psychology Unit 9A: Social

theory that describes how people explain their own and others' behavior

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

people get what they deserve

focusing on the most noticeable (salient) factors when explaining the causes of behavior

tendency to credit oneself for positive consequences and avoid blame for negative consequences

dispo - someone is blamed

situation - environment is blamed

self - someone avoids blame

internal attitudes and external influences

changing one’s behavior as a result of someone directing/asking for the change

tendency for someone to comply with a big request after complying with a smaller one

when a large request is made so that they will agree with a smaller request

to induce someone to agree to something with a low ‘cost’ and then adding on to the original product

people are socialized into returning favors (favor for favor)

set of expectations about a social position

stanford prison experiment

an uncomfortable state of mind arising when our attitude and actions are inconsistent; we then seek to resolve/reduce dissonance by changing our attitude

focuses on facts and the message in order to convince

(logos)

focuses on feelings in order to convince

(personality of speaker, how the message was delivered)

(ethos, pathos)

compliance with standards, rules, laws

something that is usual, typical, standard

changing behavior to fit into the norms/gain approval/avoid disapproval

following the behavior of others because you think they are ‘right’

a form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgements

1. size of the majority

2. presence of a partner

3. size of discrepancy between opinions

improved performance of tasks in the presence of others

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when they are individual

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in groups

(ie. internet trolling/negative comments when posting anonymously)

tendency for members of a group discussing an issue to move toward a more extreme version of the positions they held before the discussion began

when a group makes irrational/unrealistic decisions spurred by the urge to conform

one tends to behave in ways that reinforce beliefs and actions, thus causing them to come true

negative/unjustifiable attitude toward a group

overgeneralization about a group

i - people who share a common identity

o - those perceived as different from the ingroup

tendency to favor one’s own group

theory that prejudice provides outlet for anger and blame

1. dissimilarity and social distance

2. economic competition

3. scapegoating

4. conformity to social norms

5. media stereotypes

cognitive bias in which an someone’s overall impression of something/someone influences their thoughts about their character

(ie. assuming something good because they seem good)

any physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt/destroy

principle that frustration creates anger, which generates aggression

(ie. hot weather and crime rates)

a situation where conflicting groups each pursue their self-interest and end up in a mutually destructive behavior

we harm out collective well-being by pursuing personal interests

(+/+) approach-approach

(-/-) avoidance-avoidance

(+/-) approach-avoidance

1. proximity

2. similarity

3. self-disclosure (trust)

4. physical attractiveness (average=beautiful, beautiful=unapproachable)

prediction that people will find friends/mates that are perceived to be about their same level of attractiveness

theory that people decide to pursue relationships based on the minimal risk of failure

(trying to find best chance at success)

1. empty love (commitment)

2. infatuation (passion)

3. romantic love/passionate love (intimacy and passion)

4. companionate love (commitment and intimacy)

5. consummate love (commitment, intimacy, and passion)

what people receive in proportion to what they give to it

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

unselfish regard for welfare of others

tendency to be less likely to help when other bystanders are present

theory that our social behavior is an exchange process (maximize benefits, minimize costs)

shared goals override differences

behavior that is intended to help

behavior that is intended to hurt