Chapter 18: Social Psychology

________ is the idea that the beliefs and values of ones in- group may be different than those of another, but that they are not necessarily better or worse: just different.

________ refers to holding the values or beliefs of ones own in- group as better than those of anothers, which can lead to conflict, prejudice, and more.

________ is the study of cultures and societies, and these have a large effect on an individuals environment, which can influence cognition and behavior.

________ effect, which states that people tend to prefer people and experiences that are familiar.

________ refers to the time it takes for cultures to catch up to technological innovations or practices.

________ have studied interpersonal attraction, the tendency to positively evaluate a person and then to gravitate toward that person.

________ was studied by Stanley Milgram in a series of famous experiments.

Shared opinions as a basis for ________ are typically thought of as a form of social reinforcement.

A(n) ________ is illusory correlation, in which we tend to see relationships where they dont actually exist.

________ is a general term for some of the phenomena we observe when people interact.

The ________ proposes a view whereby workers evaluate their efforts versus their rewards.

________ can also lead people to places of shared interest.

________ can help reduce the tendency toward the bystander effect.

________ refers to whether a person can actually use the tools and resources that are available to them.

The ________ indicates that workers being monitored for any reason work more efficiently and productively.

________ performed studies on the nature of conformity.

________ is the propensity to accede to the requests of others, even at the expense of your own interests.

________ occurs when attitudes and behaviors contradict each other.

________ are prototypes of people.

________ is the modification of behavior to make it agree with that of a group.

________ is a negative attitude toward members of a particular group without evidentiary backing.

________ is behavior directed toward another with the intention of causing harm.

________ simply refers to a tendency or preference, and biases are not necessarily negative.

The ________ explains when people will be persuaded by the content of a message (or the logic of its arguments), and when people will be influenced by other, more superficial characteristics like the length of the message, or the appearance of the person delivering it.

The ________ when people focus on superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or the orator.

________ are combinations of affective (emotional) and cognitive (perceptual) reactions to different stimuli.

________ refers to whether something even exists for a person to use.

A(n) ________ sees the cause of actions as internal (or dispositional) when the outcomes are positive and external (or situational) when the results are negative.

________ is an increase in performance on a task that occurs when that task is performed in the presence of others.

________ is the process by which a person or group can influence the attitudes of others.

Institutionalized ________ is a particular type of discrimination that refers to unfair treatment of certain groups by organizations.

________ refers to the way in which people assign responsibility for certain outcomes.

In societies, there are a variety of social institutions designed to promote and transmit ________ to its members through a variety of constructs.

________, which occurs when the presence of others makes performance worse.

________, behavior that is harmful to society or others, can be divided roughly into two kinds: prejudice and aggression.

________ refers to the fact that we all like to be positively evaluated, and therefore, we tend to prefer the company of people who think highly of us.

________ assumes that the cause of a behavior or outcome is internal.

________ is selfless sacrifice, and it occurs more frequently than it might appear.

________ is obviously based on characteristics of the person to whom we are attracted, but it may be subject to environmental and social influences, as well.

________ has been explained in terms of an empathic response to the plight of others.

just different

imagine the man described receives a phone call at work to say that his child went home from school sick

college students are in college to study, but are also at school to meet friends from around the world and learn to take care of themselves on their own

graduating from college and starting off in the workforce means the person leaves the role of student and takes on the role of employee

prejudice and aggression

that is, that every member of a group other than our own is similar