exam practice

SECTION 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

positively charged particles found in the nucleus

atomic number = # of protons

found in the nucleus, has no charge

atomic mass - atomic number

negatively charged particles, found in orbital shells

atomic number = # of electrons

all matter is made up of atoms. atoms are the building block for everything

it acts as the control center of the atom.

it is surrounding the nucleus at a distance

atom number = top

element symbol = middle

element name = middle (below element symbol)

atomic weight = bottom

first = 2

second = 8

third = 8

fourth = 16

fifth = 32

SECTION 2: HISTORY OF AN ATOM

before 400CE everything in the universe is made up of the following elements. there are four parts of the atom. the four parts are water, air, fire, and earth.

400CE: atom means not to be cut and parmanu means indivisible grain, referring to smallest piece of matter. no model attached to this discovery.

1803: atoms are made of single material that is formed into different sizes and shapes. atoms of different elements are different. the structure of the atom is a simple circle.

1897: he called it a plum pudding (can also be referred to as raisin bun) a model of the atom in which negetively charged particles ( electrons) are scattered throughout a sphere of positive charge. the structure of the atom looks similar to plum pudding with negative charged particles scattered throughout a circle.

1911: discovery of the nucleus and orbital shells. the atom is mostly empty space with nearly all its mass concentrated in the center (the nucleus). The center is a positive charged nucleus with orbital shells going in all directions outside of the nucleus. the electrons are in the orbital shells.

1913: orbital shells going around the nucleus at a distance. the nucleus going in the center and the orbital shells going outside of the nucleus at a distance.

SECTION 3: PERIODIC TABLE

a row

a column

left to centre

right

right

good conductivity, lustrous, very ductile, good malleability, solids

less or no metallic properties, no malleability, dull, solid liquid and gas states, low conductivity

no metallic properties, brittle, mostly solids, no malleability

fairly toxic, combine with metals in the form on salts, seven valence electrons, all coloured, low melting point, low density. halogens are placed on group 7 on the right side of the periodic table

colourless, gases that have low chemical reactivity, non-flammable, gases at room temperature, group 6 on the right side of the periodic table

good conductivity, lustrous, good ductility, malleability, highly reactive, low melting points.

similar to alkali metals, highly metallic, good conductivity, lustrous, good ductility, good malleability, soft metals. group 1 on the left side of the periodic table

SECTION 4: ECOLOGY

consumer

producer

an organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis

eats other organisms

organisms that only eat plants

oranisms that eat both plants and meat

organisms that feed on decaying material to release it into the atmosphere

eat dead/decaying material

living thing

non living thing

air, clouds

living things

rocks

water

producer → primary → secondary → tertiary → quaternary

10% is lost through heat

plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar

glucose + oxygen = chemical energy + carbon dioxide + water

barren rock is colonized by living things for the first time

used to have living things, got destroyed then re-colonized

photosynthesis, respiration, exchange, sedimentation, extraction, and combustion. (burning of fuel → carbon dioxide → growth/sunlight → life, death, decay → fossil fuels repeated over and over)

carbon is presented into the atmosphere and then absorbed by plants through photosynthesis. It is an essential component of life sustaining chemical reactions.

process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decay

chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is absorbed by organisms

bacteria in the soil use oxygen to change compounds of nitrogen in dead plants into nitrates and then plants can then absorb as food

extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back out into the air. certain bacteria perform this task as well.

when a place of water is enhanced by nutrients and minerals leading the excessive growth

controls the population and helps define an ecosystem as well as keeping that ecosystem in balance. keystone species tend to be higher on the energy pyramid.

a number of different organisms in an ecosystem

species population size in a habitat

anything that slows or stops a population size from growing

when forward and reversed changes happen at the same time and there’s no observable changes

SECTION 5: ELECTRICITY

electrons pass through two or more branches or connected parts at the same time before it combines again

a simple circuit that allowed electrons to pass between one or more resistors

all equal to each other

V1 + V2 = VT

IT = I1 + I2

all equal to each other

I = V/R

R = V/I

V = I x R

SECTION 6: SPACE

stellar nebula

average mass star, large mass star, super large mass star

red giant, red supergiant, massive red supergiant,

planetary nebula, supernova, supernova

white dwarf, neutron star, blackhole

center bulge, surrounded by a flat, rounding disk around the stars. an example is the milky way

ellipsoidal shape, smooth, nearly featureless image. an example is cygnus A

more active, contains black holes, starbursts can occur. an example is M82

no distinct shape, chaotic appearance, no dot fall into any other classes. an example is small and large magellanic clouds

mercury → venus → earth → mars → jupiter → saturn → uranus → neptune

right distance from the sun, kept warm by insulating atmosphere, gravity, the sun protecting earth from cosmic radiation