AP Goverment Study

it is explaining how if you're causing a reveloution try to explain why you're doing it. One of the purposes were to rally the troops and fight home. It is connected to our human rights such as Life, Liberty and Pursit of happniess, it also explains how we give power to the government to be able to protect our natural rights and if they misuse their power we are able to revoke that power we gave them.

The rights given to us just by being born human which include life, liberty and pursuit of hapiness.

An essay composed by James Madison which argues for the US Constitution, it also argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable.

"The supreme law of the land." Written in 1787 at Philadelphia Convention to replace Articles of Confederation and create stronger central government. Outlines structure & power of 3 branches of national government. Oldest written constitution still in use (but amended 27 times plus myriad informal amendments). In other words, A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed.

Political groups that agree on objectives and policies; the origins of political parties.

There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests.

This work by a prominent Anti-Federalist argued that that the new federal government would be too powerful. (Against Federalist papers No. 10 & 51) In particular, he pointed to the necessary-and-proper clause and the supremacy clause. In addition, he objected to Congress's power to tax and raise a standing army and to the vast size of the proposed republic. He felt this powerful new government would supplant the states.

it was the first constitution of the United State where it mainly talks about powerof the states and how congress didn't have much power (no power to tax, no power to regulate trade). It was basically declaring that the former 13 states would unite together and be called "The United States of America".

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Argues that separation of powers within the national government is the best way to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of one person or a single group. (Separation of powers & checks & balances protects against tyranny)

Federalist paper by Alexander Hamilton supporting the idea of the presidency as a branch united in one individual (unitary theory of the presidency) so that the presidency can execute the law quickly and without hesitation while remaining constrained by their sole responsibility for action to the people through elections. The president's energy is essential to good governance, as a multiplicity of executives is inherently weak.

Hamilton agrues for the Judical branch, discusses the power of judicial review. It argues that the federal courts have the duty to determine whether acts of Congress are constitutional and to follow the Constitution when there is inconsistency. Hamilton viewed this as a protection against abuse of power by Congress.

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism. It was defending equal rights and civil rights.

Article 1

Article 2

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Executive Branch

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government

1995 - The Commerce Clause of the Constitution does not give Congress the power to prohibit mere possession of a gun near a school, because gun possession by itself is not an economic activity that affects interstate commerce even indirectly.

case that est. one man one vote. this decision created guidelines for drawing up congresional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state

The Court ruled that although it was a legitimate goal for state legislatures to take race into account when they draw electoral districts in order ot increase the voting strength of minorities, they may not make race the sole reason for drawing district lines.

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. (Judical review)

The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren.

Amish people refused to send their children to school past the 8th grade when the state required public schooling for all children until age16. Result: This law is in conflict with the Free Exercise clause. The statute is in direct conflict with Amish beliefs. The Amish may teach themselves.

Tinker v. Des Moines is a historic Supreme Court ruling from 1969 that cemented students' rights to free speech in public schools, students in an Iowa school were suspended for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam war. Ruled that this suspension was unconstitutional, and that public school students do not silence our rights

Supreme court decides that any actions taken that present a "clear and present danger" to the public or government isn't allowed, this can limit free speech

Supreme Court case protecting the freedom of the press by allowing the New York Times to publish the "Pentagon Papers" despite the Justice Department's order to restrict it

The Court held that the right of an individual to "keep and bear arms" protected by the 2nd Amendment is incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment and applies to the states. The decision cleared up the uncertainty left in the wake of District of Columbia v. Heller as to the scope of gun rights in regard to the states.

the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that states are required under the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place

A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Leads to creation of SuperPACs & massive rise in amount of third party electioneering (Citizens for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow)

The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens.

A government in which the people rule by their own consent.

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws

a theory of democracy that holds that citizens should actively and directly control all aspects of their lives

a theory of democracy that limits the citizens' role to choosing among competing leaders

a theory of democracy that holds that citizen membership in groups is the key to political power

Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

All the people who stand to gain or lose by the policies and activities of a business and whose concerns the business needs to address.

The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments.

A set of issues and problems that policy makers consider important. The mass media play an important role in influencing the issues which receive public attention.

a rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law.

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

Right to keep and bear arms

No quartering of soldiers

Protection against Unreasonable Search and Seizure

The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process

The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person

Right to trial by jury

No cruel and unusual punishment

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.