top intro and freud

Latin word origin for personality, which refers to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas.

is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior

contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations

are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique and intelligence

is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to
formulate testable hypothesis.

it is a tool used by scientists in their pursuit of knowledge

nature of knowledge

is the branch of study concerned with observation and classification of data and with the verification of general laws through the testing of hypotheses.

• is an educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to
  be tested through the use of the scientific method.

• A theory is too general to lend itself to direct verification, but a single
  comprehensive theory is capable of generating thousands of —

• are more specific than the theories that give them birth.

• is a classification of things according to their natural relationships.

• — are essential to the development of a science because without
  classification of data, science will not grow.

• studies both science and the behavior of scientists; that is,

• it investigates the impact of an individual scientist’s psychological processes and personal characteristics on the development of her or his scientific theories and research.

What makes a theory useful:

A useful theory will generate two different kinds of research:

• a theory must be evaluated on its ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed.

• to be —-, a theory must be precise to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets

means that negative research results will refute the theory and force the theorist to either discard it or modify it

one that defines units in terms of observable events or behaviors that can be measured.

when two theories are equal in their ability to generate research, be falsified, giving meaning to data, guide the practitioner, and be self-consistent, the simpler one is preferred.

Dimensions for a concept of humanity

is an explanation of behavior is a function of past experiences

is an explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes

Research in Personality Theory:

extent to which it yields consistent results

is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure

is the extent to which an instrument measures some hypothetical construct

Types of construct validity

— or the extent that a test predicts some future behavior

—-’s Classical Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud was born a Jew in (Date and Place)

Sigmund Freud was the — among 8 children from his father’s second wife

• a Viennese neurologist and cured patients by talking to them

• Freud and — collaborated in writing research papers about hysteria

• he and Freud eventually parted ways because of their disagreement regarding the causative role of sexual issues in hysteria

she was the patient of Joseph Breuer and Sigmund Freud who has hysteria

Anna O’s real name

Freud worked independently and started working on the foundations of Psychoanalytic Theory, which culminated in the publication of —

• became a prominent psychologist

• she became a child psychologist in London, extending and continuing the work of her father, Sigmund Freud

Freud’s father died which caused him to experience —

topographical scheme of the psyche

all mental elements we are currently aware of

all mental elements we can be aware of, but not currently aware of

mental elements we cannot be aware of by ordinary means

• the personality is comprised of 3 major components:

• according to Freud, behavior is always a product of the interaction among those three

• the original (first) system of the personality

• it includes everything psychological that is inherited and present at birth

• close contact with the bodily processes from which it derives its energy

• id is considered the reservoir of —

• the energy utilized for psychological activities

Freud called Id the —

This is the tension-reduction principle by which the Id operates.

2 processes for the actualization by which the Id operates

inborn automatic actions

an attempt to discharge tension by forming an image of an object that will remove the tension

Primary Process can be carried out through the following ways:

it is known as the executive of the personality

• the Ego’s activities follow a principle called the —

• This principle suspends the discharge of tension temporarily until an object that is appropriate for the satisfaction of the need has been discovered.

reality principle is actualized through the —

Secondary Process/Realistic thinking performs the following tasks:

• known as the Moral Arm of the Personality

• is the internal representative of the traditional values and ideals of the society through the parents and then enforced by a pattern of reward and punishment

• this is formed from the internalized experiences for which the child is punished

• it causes the feeling of Guilt

• this is formed from the internalized experiences for which the child is rewarded

• it causes the feeling of pride and success

Freud regarded the human being as a — that drives its energy from the food it consumes and expends it for various physiological and psychological activities

it is an inborn psychological representation of an inner somatic source of excitation

the psychological representation per se

the bodily excitation that causes the Wish

four characteristic features of an Instinct

it is the body excitation that produces tension; essentially the same as the Need

removal of the body excitation

all the activities that intervenes between the appearance of a wish and its fulfilment

strength/force of the instinct

Classifications of Instinct:

• It is for individual survival and racial propagation

• it is manifested specifically as Sex, Hunger, and Thirst instincts

energy utilized by Life Instincts

• in contrast to Life instinct, — is a destructive instinct

• it is presumed to be emanating from the catabolic physiological processes of the body

This is viewed by Freud as self-destruction turned outside

It is the investment of energy in an action, image, or thing that will gratify an instinct

It is the diversion of energy from the Id (primary process) into the processes that make up the Ego (secondary process: perceiving, remembering, etc.) and Superego (follow ideals and remember prohibitions of parents)

This is the process of the Ego using its energy to restrain the urges from Id

• the energy utilized for psychological activities

• it is experienced when the ego is overwhelmed with excessive stimulation from the environment

this is the prototype of all anxieties

Kinds of Anxiety

caused by real objective sources of danger in the environment

fear that the id’s impulses will overwhelm the Ego and make the person do something for which he/she will be punished

fear of doing something contrary to the superego, causing the experience of guilt

Freud claims that Personality is generally formed at the end of —

these are unconscious maneuvers of the ego, altering its interpretation of reality to decrease anxiety

11 Defense Mechanisms

• It occurs when you refuse to accept reality or facts.

• In other words, they avoid painful feelings or events.

• it is unconscious forgetting

• it is the putting of material in the unconscious, rendering it inaccessible to consciousness

• Subconsciously blocking ideas or impulses that are undesirable

• this is when something true about a person is seen by that person in someone/something else in the environment

• occurs when an individual, threatened by his own angry feelings, accuses another of harbouring hostile thoughts.

this is the replacement of an anxiety-producing impulse or feeling by its opposite

it is the returning to an earlier stage of development, or the reacting to problems the way a younger person does, when on experiences stress/anxiety

it is the justifying one’s flaws and failings through lame excuses

transferring one’s emotional burden or emotional reaction from one entity to another

involves channeling unwanted or unacceptable urges into an admissible or productive outlet

• where a person unconsciously absorbs experiences and makes them part their psyche

• the internalization of mental representations attributed to an external object,

the condition where a person develops behavioral pattern by observing others

a pattern by which tension or anxiety relieved by an individual make up for personal weakness

• this requires the client to say everything that comes into consciousness, no matter how ridiculous or inappropriate

• client to talk about everything and anything that occurs to him/her without restraints

• Freud believe that — are disguised thoughts

• he called — are the “guardians of sleep” and “royal road to the unconscious”

2 forms of dream analysis

what the dreams appears to the dreamer

underlying repressed thought that is represented by the manifest content

this is the process wherein in a part of something is symbolizing the whole thing

this is the process when an idea in the Manifest Content symbolizes a combination of ideas in the Latent Content

the process of replacing an acceptable idea with something that is more acceptable in the dream