What is rhetoric
The art of effective communication
Who was a pioneer of rhetoric
Aristotle
What is argument
a reliance on logic and fact, an attempt to discover the truth about a given topic or issue
Persuasion
reliance on emotion in an attempt to sway an audience to once side of the topic or issue
Claim
A topic and the creates opinion about that topic
6 pieces of argument
Exordium, Narratio, propositio and partitio, Confirmatio, refutalo, peroratio
Exordium
Hook, The art of grabbing the readers attention, More than likely to use pathos here
Narratio
The story of the topic (Historical overview of the topic, data and research about the topic, recent developments)
Propositio and Partitio
Act together to make a thesis statement (Lays out the parameters of the discussion)
Confirmatio
The heart of the argument (Body paragraphs) (The use of Rhetoric appeals)
Refutatio
Breaking down the others sides argument (Refutation)
Peroratio
The conclusion (Summing up your point without repeating what you already have said)
Forensic
Focuses on the past (Mainly used in legal or criminal justice proceedings)
Deliberative
Focuses on the future (Mainly used in politics)
Epideictic
Focuses on the present moment
3 Rhetorical Appeals
Pathos(Emotion), Ethos(Credibility, Trustworthiness), Logos (logic, fact)
Pathos
Use of emotion
Logos
use of logic and fact
Ethos
Ethics and credibility of the writer
MLA In text Citation
gives credit with authors name and page number (Sanchez 17)
APA In text citation
Gives credit with the author’s name, publication year, and page number (Sanchez, 2020, p. 17)
Summary
A condensed version of the information in your own words
A direct quote
the exact words of the original in quotation marks
Paraphrase
a restatement of original ideas, in your own words
What is the last part of the paper called in MLA
Works Cited
what is the last part in a paper called in APA
References page
What POV is the summary in
The summary is in 3rd person.
Fallacy
an argument that cannot stand up to rational criticism
Pathos Based Fallacy
Misuses emotion, or tries to evoke an emotion from readers that is unwarranted by the evidence
Ethos Based Fallacy
Misuses character, either your character as the writer if the character of a source in an ethical way
Logos Based fallacy
Misuses logic or evidence
Scare tactic
(appeal to fear), a scare tactic is when the writer tries to scare the reader into agreeing with the claim
Slippery Slope
A form of a scare tactic in which the writer will argue that one bad choice will lead to greater and greater negative consequences
Either/or
A kind of scare tactic in which the writer makes a claim where only two options are available
Appeal to pity
when the writer will try to make the audience feel sorry for them in some way instead of proving the claim through more rational means
Ad populum
the bandwagon argument, an argument in which the writer argues that lots of other people believe this claim or are taking action and that is why you should as well
Ad hominem
This fallacy occurs when the writer will attack the character of the opponent rather than their position on the issue
Appeal to false authority
when the writer uses an authority to support the claim, but the authority is not actually authoritative on that issue
Dogmatism
A writer is being dogmatic when they insist that their views are correct based on their authority or expertise
Hasty Generalization
This fallacy occurs when a writer will try to prove a general claim with only one or two large pieces of evidence
Circular Reasoning
This fallacy occurs when the writer will state a claim and then, instead of supporting the claim with evidence, simply repeat the claim (often in different words)
Straw Man
This fallacy occurs when the writer deliberately misconstrues or mischaracterizes the argument to make it easier to win
Post Hoc reasoning
This fallacy occurs when the writer confuses causation with chronology
Red Herring
Occurs when the writer tries to distract from the actual issue
When does a writer cite information in their paper and how many times do they cite
Twice, Intext citation and works cited page
Types of sources
Books, periodicals, Library Databases, Web sources
How do I cite an author (MLA)
Reverse the authors name, putting the last name first. Omit any titles like Dr. Prof., etc. (Ex: Fernandez, Gilda)
How do you cite two authors(MLA)
If you have two authors, you will list them both. The first name will be reversed. The second will be in “Normal” order. (Ex: Fernadez, Gilda, and Raymond Zuniga)
how to cite three or more authors in (MLA)
If you have three or more authors, you will list just the first one (reversed) and then use the Latin phrase "et al." meaning "and the rest." (Ex: Fernandez, Gilda, et al)
What is a peer review
Review of your paper by a peer or classmate
Who founded the rogerian argument style
Carl Rogers (1902-1907)
What is the purpose of the rogerian argument
The rogerian method rejects the winner/loser dichotomy commonly associated with argument, instead emphasizing empathy and compromise.
How is the rogerian method executed?
Let the other party know they have been heard and are understood
Recognize and politely articulate points with the other party’s argument we believe to be valid
Assure the other party that we both share similar values
What are the 4 to 6 Basic Sections to the rogerian argument?
The Introduction
The opposing position
Validation of the opposing position
our position
Validation of our position
the conclusion
What is a direct quote
You take a writers words verbatim and enclose them in quotation marks, using that quote as evidence in your writing.
What is a introductory/signal phrase
A phrase that signals to readers that you are about to offer information that is not your own
What does every citation require? (MLA)
Authors name and the page number where you found the information
What is the order of the citation sandwich?
Transition, quote or paraphrase, and the explanation
When does a writer use in an ellipsis?
When a writer may find it necessary to omit some material that they want to directly quote. Anytime original content is removed or left out of a direct quote
How do we form an ellipsis within a sentence?
Use three periods with a space before each period and a space after the last period
When will a writer use square brackets?
When a writer may need to add or alter material in a direct quote they wish tio insert into their own writing. Mainly used to clarify the meaning of a word or phrase, providing brief explanations, and help integrate the quote into the writers sentence.
What does a research proposal do?
State the topic you want to research, explanation on why you want to research it, discuss past experiences, discuss both sides of the issue, and state the preliminary claim or thesis.
Why is tutoring so important?
Helps you become a better writer and see patterns in your work and guide you through recognizing and strengthening your weaknesses
What are the two ways to integrate source material in your own writing?
Direct quotes and paraphrasing
What is a paraphrase (MLA)
A paraphrase is used when you take an idea from a source but restate it completely in your own words. Because it is in your own words, you will not use quotation marks. However, you must still give credit for the idea by citing it.
List an example of a MLA Formatted paraphrase
A Dow Chemical biochemist, Janice Smithers, warns that due to the unpredictability of the basic particles of the chemical furaldehyde, it should not be compromised (76). This is why chemistry students ought not use this chemical without extremely close supervision.
How do you paraphrase correctly?
1) Capture all of the nuanced details of the original, in your own words.
2) Write in third person, giving proper credit to the author.
3) Because you are paraphrasing a particular detail of the original, even though it's in your own words, you will include the page number(s).
4) Do not offer your opinion in the paraphrase itself. All you are doing is reporting the original ideas in your own words.
5) Your opinion will come after the citation, the same way it does when you quote.
6) Use your own words entirely.
What does inductive reasoning begin with?
Specific observations of something in reality
Is inductive reasoning fool proof?
No
Inductive reasoning
Induction reasons from evidence about some members of a class in order to form a conclusion about all members of a class. A conclusion derived through inductive reasoning is called hypothesis and is always less certain than the evidence itself. In other words, the conclusion is probable
Deductive reasoning
a step by step progress toward a conclusion based on premises or information
What is usually in a deductive reasoning
theory or a claim
What structure is deductive reasoning associated with
syllogism
What does a syllogism consist of
Major premise: General theory or assumption upon which you are basing the argument
Minor Premise: the specific case that you are looking at
Conclusion: The specific claim you are making
Example of a syllogism
Major premise: Vegetables are healthy.
Minor premise: Broccoli is a vegetable.
Conclusion: Broccoli is healthy.
What are the six parts of the toulmin argument
Claim, grounds warrants, backing, rebuttals, and qualifiers
What is a claim (Toulmin)
What we are arguing
What are grounds (Toulmin)
the evidence that supports a claim
What are warrants (Toulmin)
an assumption that fuels the grounds (Example: People want protective and affectionate pets)
What is a backing (Toulmin)
Evidence for the warrant
Introduction Components (Toulmin)
Hook, Overview, thesis
APA is the official style of what organization
American Psychological Association
What changes when you use an APA format
paper format, in text citations and the works cited/references page
What should a title page clarify?
Papers title in bold, papers author, Authors institution, Course number and name, course instructor, due date
What often follows a title page in APA
Abstract
Why are references important
A references list makes it easy for readers to look up sources we cite in our writing
How do we create a references list
Include page number flush right at the top of the page, the word references is typed in bold and centered atop the page, page is double spaced and all sources are alphabetized. A hanging indent
What are some credible sources?
Books, Scholarly peer reviewed journals, trade publications, newspapers, general interest magazines, popular magazines.
What does CRAAP stand for
Currency, relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose
What is an annotated bibliography
a list of sources you read while doing your research accompanied by your own annotations of each
Why do we do Annotated bibliography’s
start the research process, ensure Credibility of the sources and get a head start on your reference page
What is a rebuttal
an acknowledgement of an opposing perspective, or counterargument
What are tropes
a form of figurative language involving an intentional change in the ordinary meaning or usage of a word
Analogies
Dont use like or as, and are usually worded in a way so that they are true.
personification
Giving human characteristics to an inanimate object
Hyperbole
exaggeration not to be believed but to convey intensity
understatement
involves intentionally and obviously making something seem less than it really is, for comedic effect, for purposes of modesty or for simple politeness
Verbal Irony
when we say the opposite of what we mean and the audience knows it
APA’s policy on information
APA tends to frown on quotations preferring paraphrase and summary instead